Advancing soil microbial fuel cells: Exploring bioelectrogenesis mechanisms for integration into environmental bioremediation

Soil microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) represent a promising technology that integrates bioremediation and bioelectrogenesis, allowing for the simultaneous generation of renewable energy and the remediation of contaminated soil. This approach capitalizes on the unique capabilities of electroactive bacteria (EABs) to mediate electron transfer from organic pollutants to anode within the soil environments. Despite advancements, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding the intricate dynamics of electroactive microbial communities and the optimization of SMFC systems for practical implementation. This review delves into the intricate mechanism of intra-microbial interactions and extracellular electron transfer processes within SMFCs. It provides a comprehensive overview of the dominant microbial communities, key factors influencing biofilm formation, and strategies for enhancing microbial interactions and system efficiency. Key findings indicate that maintaining a neutral to slightly alkaline pH, operating temperatures of 20–45 °C, and horizontally positioned electrodes foster optimal microbial activity and interactions. The integration of stainless-steel mesh with carbon-based anodes has demonstrated significant improvements in power generation, attributed to enhanced conductivity, large surface area, and resistance to corrosion. Furthermore, this review identifies key challenges in SMFC technology, such as microbial stability, electrode fouling, and long-term operational performance, and provides insights into overcoming these limitations. By addressing these constraints and refining system parameters, SMFCs hold immense potential as sustainable solutions for soil pollution remediation and renewable energy production. This review underscores the transformative role of SMFCs in advancing eco-friendly energy technologies and environmental restoration strategies.