Flexible well patterns and cashflow optimisation on large-scale geothermal field development

The Netherlands aims to be CO2 neutral by 2050, aligning with the Paris Agreement. To achieve this, it is crucial to increase the contribution of geothermal energy to renewable energy sources, necessitating large-scale exploitation to speed up the energy transition. Only small-scale (1–2 km) geothermal field developments exist in the Netherlands primarily for heating. Expanding to extensive geothermal fields (>10 km length) requires a strategic approach to well placement and consideration of the economic constraints associated with geothermal projects. The heterogeneity of the subsurface is a critical factor in developing large-scale geothermal reservoirs. This study introduces an innovative approach to optimising well placement based on geological trends, using a well-density function as a proof of concept. Implementing and optimising flexible well patterns for large-scale geothermal developments significantly enhances profitability compared to conventional oil and gas industry methods. Optimised flexible well patterns favour a long-term utilisation of energy recovered, minimise pressure extrema in the reservoir, and improve sweep efficiency. However, their application depends on reservoir operational decisions. The optimisation process ensures economic viability, even with lower heat prices. Broadly, this methodology could be key to scaling up geothermal developments to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement.