Transformations in urban gardens: Neoliberal influences and land use conflicts in Shiraz's Qasr al-Dasht Gardens

The extensive transformation of urban gardens is a significant element in the process of planetary urbanisation. This is driven by the constraints of a neoliberal political economy aimed at maximising the capitalistic utilisation of urban spaces. This study examines the conversion of urban gardens to paved or hard surface areas, a phenomenon described as "de-gardening". The study is conducted through a qualitative methodology that involves engagement with key stakeholders around Qasr al-Dasht Gardens in the city of Shiraz, Iran. The investigation traces the origins of these transformations to the 1960s, noting an acceleration in recent decades. The analysis identifies the pervasive influence of neoliberal urban planning and management discourse as a critical factor. This discourse redefines the value of garden spaces by escalating land costs and altering economic valuations by various social actors. Consequently, diverse social groups, ranging from traditional gardeners to modern urban developers, engage differently with these spaces. For traditional farmers, gardens are essential for livelihood, whereas for advocates of neoliberalism, these areas represent potential for investment, luxurious havens for peaceful and comfortable living, and capital accumulation. These conflicting views have led to extensive land use changes in Qasr al-Dasht Gardens. The study concludes by proposing policy measures and institutional frameworks aimed at preserving and enhancing urban gardens. Recommendations include the establishment of an independent municipal body dedicated to the gardens, forming non-governmental organisations and oversight groups, and reevaluating the "Organisation and Conservation Plan of the Qasr al-Dasht Gardens of Shiraz".