IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jfinec/v137y2020i3p701-722.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Emergency loans and collateral upgrades: How broker-dealers used Federal Reserve credit during the 2008 financial crisis

Author

Listed:
  • Carlson, Mark
  • Macchiavelli, Marco

Abstract

During the 2008 financial crisis, the Federal Reserve established two emergency facilities for broker-dealers: one provided collateralized loans; the other, collateral upgrades. These facilities alleviated dealers’ funding pressures when access to repos backed by illiquid collateral deteriorated. The ability to upgrade collateral allowed dealers to continue funding their own illiquid inventories (avoiding potential firesales) and to provide better bond market liquidity. It also helped sustain dealers’ credit to hedge fund clients, which in turn posted relatively better returns.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlson, Mark & Macchiavelli, Marco, 2020. "Emergency loans and collateral upgrades: How broker-dealers used Federal Reserve credit during the 2008 financial crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(3), pages 701-722.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:137:y:2020:i:3:p:701-722
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.03.005
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X20300647
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.03.005?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Aragon, George O. & Strahan, Philip E., 2012. "Hedge funds as liquidity providers: Evidence from the Lehman bankruptcy," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(3), pages 570-587.
    2. Armantier, Olivier & Ghysels, Eric & Sarkar, Asani & Shrader, Jeffrey, 2015. "Discount window stigma during the 2007–2008 financial crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(2), pages 317-335.
    3. Michael J. Fleming, 2012. "Federal Reserve Liquidity Provision during the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 4(1), pages 161-177, October.
    4. Paul Tucker, 2014. "The lender of last resort and modern central banking: principles and reconstruction," BIS Papers chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Re-thinking the lender of last resort, volume 79, pages 10-42, Bank for International Settlements.
    5. H. G. Moulton, 1918. "Commercial Banking and Capital Formation: II," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 26(6), pages 638-638.
    6. H. G. Moulton, 1918. "Commercial Banking and Capital Formation: III," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 26(7), pages 705-705.
    7. Parinitha Sastry, 2018. "The political origins of Section 13(3) of the Federal Reserve Act," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue 24-1, pages 1-33.
    8. Asim Ijaz Khwaja & Atif Mian, 2008. "Tracing the Impact of Bank Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from an Emerging Market," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(4), pages 1413-1442, September.
    9. Michael J. Fleming & Asani Sarkar, 2013. "The failure resolution of Lehman Brothers," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue Dec, pages 175-206.
    10. Bagehot, Walter, 1873. "Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market," History of Economic Thought Books, McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought, number bagehot1873.
    11. Kenneth D. Garbade, 2006. "The evolution of repo contracting conventions in the 1980s," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 12(May), pages 27-42.
    12. Adam Copeland & Antoine Martin & Michael Walker, 2014. "Repo Runs: Evidence from the Tri-Party Repo Market," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(6), pages 2343-2380, December.
    13. Adrian, Tobias & Shin, Hyun Song, 2010. "Liquidity and leverage," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 19(3), pages 418-437, July.
    14. Itamar Drechsler & Thomas Drechsel & David Marques-Ibanez & Philipp Schnabl, 2016. "Who Borrows from the Lender of Last Resort?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 71(5), pages 1933-1974, October.
    15. H. G. Moulton, 1918. "Commercial Banking and Capital Formation: I," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 26(5), pages 484-484.
    16. Acharya, Viral V. & Fleming, Michael J. & Hrung, Warren B. & Sarkar, Asani, 2017. "Dealer financial conditions and lender-of-last-resort facilities," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(1), pages 81-107.
    17. Michael J. Fleming & Warren B. Hrung & Frank M. Keane, 2010. "Repo Market Effects of the Term Securities Lending Facility," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 100(2), pages 591-596, May.
    18. Anbil, Sriya, 2018. "Managing stigma during a financial crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(1), pages 166-181.
    19. Michael D. Bordo, 1990. "The lender of last resort : alternative views and historical experience," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, vol. 76(Jan), pages 18-29.
    20. H. G. Moulton, 1918. "Commercial Banking and Capital Formation: IV," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 26(9), pages 849-849.
    21. Brian Madigan, 2009. "Bagehot's dictum in practice: formulating and implementing policies to combat the financial crisis," Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium - Jackson Hole, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pages 169-189.
    22. Tobias Adrian & Christopher R. Burke & James J. McAndrews, 2009. "The Federal Reserve's Primary Dealer Credit Facility," Current Issues in Economics and Finance, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 15(Aug).
    23. Michael J. Fleming & Warren B. Hrung & Frank M. Keane, 2009. "The Term Securities Lending Facility: origin, design, and effects," Current Issues in Economics and Finance, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 15(Feb).
    24. Arvind Krishnamurthy, 2010. "How Debt Markets Have Malfunctioned in the Crisis," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 24(1), pages 3-28, Winter.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Schürhoff, Norman & Dieler, Tobias & Mancini, Loriano, 2021. "(In)efficient repo markets," CEPR Discussion Papers 15782, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    2. David P. Glancy & Felicia Ionescu & Elizabeth C. Klee & Antonis Kotidis & Michael Siemer & Andrei Zlate, 2024. "The 2023 Banking Turmoil and the Bank Term Funding Program," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2024-045, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    3. Arun Gupta, 2021. "The Internal Capital Markets of Global Dealer Banks," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021-036, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    4. Ralf R. Meisenzahl & Karen M. Pence, 2022. "Crisis Liquidity Facilities with Nonbank Counterparties: Lessons from the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022-021, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    5. Cimon, David A. & Walton, Adrian, 2024. "Central bank liquidity facilities and market making," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    6. Cecilia R. Caglio & Adam Copeland & Antoine Martin, 2021. "The Value of Internal Sources of Funding Liquidity: U.S. Broker-Dealers and the Financial Crisis," Staff Reports 969, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    7. Anbil, Sriya & Carlson, Mark & Styczynski, Mary-Frances, 2023. "The effect of the Federal Reserve’s lending facility on PPP lending by commercial banks," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    8. Richard H. Clarida, 2021. "Federal Reserve Independence: Foundations and Responsibilities: a speech at the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio (via livestream), November 30, 2021," Speech 93418, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mark A. Carlson & Marco Macchiavelli, 2018. "Emergency Collateral Upgrades," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2018-078, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    2. Acharya, Viral V. & Fleming, Michael J. & Hrung, Warren B. & Sarkar, Asani, 2017. "Dealer financial conditions and lender-of-last-resort facilities," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(1), pages 81-107.
    3. Rustom M. Irani & Ralf R. Meisenzahl, 2015. "Loan Sales and Bank Liquidity Risk Management: Evidence from a U.S. Credit Register," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015-1, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    4. Arvind Krishnamurthy & Stefan Nagel & Dmitry Orlov, 2014. "Sizing Up Repo," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(6), pages 2381-2417, December.
    5. Scott Brave & Hesna Genay, 2011. "Federal Reserve policies and financial market conditions during the crisis," Working Paper Series WP-2011-04, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
    6. Anne-Marie Rieu-Foucault, 2018. "Les interventions de crise de la FED et de la BCE diffèrent-elles ?," Working Papers hal-04141702, HAL.
    7. Bank for International Settlements, 2019. "Unconventional monetary policy tools: a cross-country analysis," CGFS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 63.
    8. repec:fip:fedgfe:2014-115 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Bodenhorn, Howard, 1999. "An Engine of Growth: Real Bills and Schumpeterian Banking in Antebellum New York," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 278-302, July.
    10. Nilufer Ozdemir, 2020. "Liquidity Risk Management of Affiliated Banks during the Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis," The Review of Finance and Banking, Academia de Studii Economice din Bucuresti, Romania / Facultatea de Finante, Asigurari, Banci si Burse de Valori / Catedra de Finante, vol. 12(1), pages 31-47, June.
    11. Mark Carlson & Jonathan D. Rose, 2015. "Credit Availability and the Collapse of the Banking Sector in the 1930s," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 47(7), pages 1239-1271, October.
    12. Matthew Adeolu Abata & Stephen Oseko Migiro, 2016. "Does Liquidity Management Affect Profitability in Selected Nigerian-Quoted Manufacturing Firms?," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 8(4), pages 41-51.
    13. Hanson, Samuel G. & Shleifer, Andrei & Stein, Jeremy C. & Vishny, Robert W., 2015. "Banks as patient fixed-income investors," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 449-469.
    14. Kruttli, Mathias S. & Monin, Phillip J. & Watugala, Sumudu W., 2022. "The life of the counterparty: Shock propagation in hedge fund-prime broker credit networks," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(3), pages 965-988.
    15. Mark Carlson & David C. Wheelock, 2018. "Did the Founding of the Federal Reserve Affect the Vulnerability of the Interbank System to Contagion Risk?," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 50(8), pages 1711-1750, December.
    16. Mark Carlson & Matthew Jaremski, 2023. "Liquidity Requirements, Free‐Riding, and the Implications for Financial Stability Evidence from the Early 1900s," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 55(1), pages 323-341, February.
    17. Viral V Acharya & Bruce Tuckman, 2014. "Unintended Consequences of LOLR Facilities: The Case of Illiquid Leverage," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 62(4), pages 606-655, November.
    18. Anbil, Sriya & Carlson, Mark & Styczynski, Mary-Frances, 2023. "The effect of the Federal Reserve’s lending facility on PPP lending by commercial banks," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    19. Stanislav Skapa, 2013. "Commodities As A Tool Of Risk Diversification," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 8(2), pages 65-77, June.
    20. Hoag, Christopher, 2018. "Clearinghouse loan certificates as a lender of last resort," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 215-229.
    21. Mark Carlson, 2015. "Lessons from the Historical Use of Reserve Requirements in the United States to Promote Bank Liquidity," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 11(1), pages 191-224, January.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial crisis; Lender of last resort; Repo; Collateral; Dealers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:137:y:2020:i:3:p:701-722. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/505576 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.