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Taxes and the backdating of stock option exercise dates

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  • Dhaliwal, Dan
  • Erickson, Merle
  • Heitzman, Shane

Abstract

We investigate the backdating of stock option exercises. Before SOX, we find evidence that some exercises were backdated to days with low stock prices. Consistent with a tax-based incentive, these suspect exercises are more likely when the personal tax savings from backdating are higher. However, suspect CEO exercises generate average (median) estimated tax savings of $96,000 ($7,000). These savings appear modest relative to the costs insiders and firms face. We find that the likelihood of a suspect exercise increases in the likelihood of option grant backdating. This suggests that agency problems associated with backdating permeate option compensation in some firms.

Suggested Citation

  • Dhaliwal, Dan & Erickson, Merle & Heitzman, Shane, 2009. "Taxes and the backdating of stock option exercise dates," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(1-2), pages 27-49, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jaecon:v:47:y:2009:i:1-2:p:27-49
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    Cited by:

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    3. Hanlon, Michelle & Heitzman, Shane, 2010. "A review of tax research," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 127-178, December.
    4. Compton, Ryan & Nicholls, Christopher C. & Sandler, Daniel & Tedds, Lindsay, 2011. "Quantifying the Personal Income Tax Benefits of Backdating: A Canada - US Comparison," MPRA Paper 39789, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Frydman, Carola & Molloy, Raven S., 2011. "Does tax policy affect executive compensation? Evidence from postwar tax reforms," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(11), pages 1425-1437.
    6. Heitzman, Shane, 2011. "Equity grants to target CEOs during deal negotiations," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(2), pages 251-271.
    7. Chyz, James A., 2013. "Personally tax aggressive executives and corporate tax sheltering," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 311-328.
    8. Alexander Ljungqvist & Liandong Zhang & Luo Zuo, 2017. "Sharing Risk with the Government: How Taxes Affect Corporate Risk Taking," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(3), pages 669-707, June.
    9. Biggerstaff, Lee & Cicero, David C. & Puckett, Andy, 2015. "Suspect CEOs, unethical culture, and corporate misbehavior," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(1), pages 98-121.
    10. Biggerstaff, Lee & Cicero, David & Wintoki, M. Babajide, 2020. "Insider trading patterns," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    11. Devos, Erik & Elliott, William B. & Warr, Richard S., 2015. "CEO opportunism?: Option grants and stock trades around stock splits," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(1), pages 18-35.
    12. Call, Andrew C. & Campbell, John L. & Dhaliwal, Dan S. & Moon, James R., 2017. "Employee quality and financial reporting outcomes," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 123-149.
    13. Leung, Henry & Tse, Jeffrey & Westerholm, P. Joakim, 2019. "CEO traders and corporate acquisitions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 107-127.
    14. Brockman, Paul & Martin, Xiumin & Puckett, Andy, 2010. "Voluntary disclosures and the exercise of CEO stock options," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 16(1), pages 120-136, February.
    15. Blacconiere, Walter G. & Frederickson, James R. & Johnson, Marilyn F. & Lewis, Melissa F., 2011. "Are voluntary disclosures that disavow the reliability of mandated fair value information informative or opportunistic?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 235-251.
    16. Chapman, Larry & McKenzie, Ken & Porter, Shawn & Tedds, Lindsay M., 2017. "Tax Policy Forum: Review of Tax Expenditures, Budget 2016," MPRA Paper 96926, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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    18. Yost, Benjamin P. & Shu, Susan, 2022. "Does tax enforcement deter managers' self-dealing?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1).

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