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Hate groups and hate crime

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  • Ryan, Matt E.
  • Leeson, Peter T.

Abstract

This paper is the first to investigate the relationship between hate groups and hate crime empirically. We do so using panel data for the U.S. states between 2002 and 2008. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find little evidence that hate groups are associated with hate crime in the United States. We find somewhat stronger evidence that economic hardship may be related to hate crime. However, evidence for the potential importance of economic factors remains weak. Further, we find that demographic variables are not significantly related to hate crime in the United States. Our results leave the question of what factors may drive hate crime in America unresolved. But they cast doubt on the popular perception that hate groups are among them.

Suggested Citation

  • Ryan, Matt E. & Leeson, Peter T., 2011. "Hate groups and hate crime," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 256-262.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:irlaec:v:31:y:2011:i:4:p:256-262
    DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2011.08.004
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jefferson, Philip N. & Pryor, Frederic L., 1999. "On the geography of hate," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 65(3), pages 389-395, December.
    2. Dhammika Dharmapala & Nuno Garoupa, 2004. "Penalty Enhancement for Hate Crimes: An Economic Analysis," American Law and Economics Review, American Law and Economics Association, vol. 6(1), pages 185-207.
    3. Alan B. Krueger & Jörn-Steffen Pischke, 1997. "A Statistical Analysis of Crime against Foreigners in Unified Germany," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 32(1), pages 182-209.
    4. Sean E Mulholland, 2010. "Hate Fuel: On the Relationship Between Local Government Policy and Hate Group Activity," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, vol. 36(4), pages 480-499.
    5. Edward L. Glaeser, 2005. "The Political Economy of Hatred," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 120(1), pages 45-86.
    6. Lewis R. Gale & Will Carrington Heath & Rand W. Ressler, 2002. "An Economic Analysis of Hate Crime," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 28(2), pages 203-216, Spring.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Sean Mulholland, 2013. "White supremacist groups and hate crime," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 157(1), pages 91-113, October.
    2. Richard M. Medina & Emily Nicolosi & Simon Brewer & Andrew M. Linke, 2018. "Geographies of Organized Hate in America: A Regional Analysis," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 108(4), pages 1006-1021, July.
    3. Mulholland, Sean E., 2011. "Hate Source: White Supremacist Hate Groups and Hate Crime," MPRA Paper 28861, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Endrich, Marek, 2020. "The good tourist, the bad refugee and the ugly German: Xenophobic activities and tourism," VfS Annual Conference 2020 (Virtual Conference): Gender Economics 224604, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    5. Yahagi Ken, 2019. "The Effects of Hate Groups on Hate Crimes," Review of Law & Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 15(3), pages 1-14, November.
    6. Endrich, Marek & Michel, Stephan, 2018. "The good tourist, the bad refugee and the ugly German: Xenophobic activities and tourism," ILE Working Paper Series 16, University of Hamburg, Institute of Law and Economics.
    7. Dimitrios Nikolaou, 2022. "Same‐sex marriage laws, LGBT hate crimes, and employment discrimination charges," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 88(3), pages 869-905, January.
    8. Benjamin Crost, 2021. "Economic Conditions and the Rise of Anti-Democratic Extremism," Empirical Studies of Conflict Project (ESOC) Working Papers 24, Empirical Studies of Conflict Project.
    9. Richard M. Medina & Emily A. Nicolosi & Simon Brewer & Erin Moore, 2021. "A Geographical Analysis of Socioeconomic and Ideological Drivers of Hate Crime in the United States," International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research (IJAGR), IGI Global, vol. 12(2), pages 39-56, April.
    10. Anderson, D. Mark & Crost, Benjamin & Rees, Daniel I., 2020. "Do economic downturns fuel racial animus?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 9-18.
    11. Alberto Ortega & Ema Di Fruscia & Bryn Louise, 2021. "Trade Liberalization And Racial Animus," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 39(1), pages 194-204, January.

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