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Do relative leverage and relative distress really explain size and book-to-market anomalies?

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  • Chou, Pin-Huang
  • Ko, Kuan-Cheng
  • Lin, Shinn-Juh

Abstract

In a capital asset pricing model (CAPM) framework, Ferguson and Shockley [2003. Equilibrium "anomalies". Journal of Finance 58, 2549-2580] propose two factors constructed on relative leverage and relative distress, and show that the two factors subsume Fama and French's [1993. Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. Journal of Financial Economics 33, 3-56] factors constructed on size and book-to-market (BM) in explaining the cross-sectional average returns of the 25 size-BM portfolios. Based on tests on individual securities, we find that all factors fail to fully explain the common asset-pricing anomalies. In the spirit of Merton's [1973. An intertemporal capital asset pricing model. Econometrica 41, 867-887] intertemporal CAPM, we propose an augmented five-factor model, which incorporates Ferguson and Shockley's [2003. Equilibrium "anomalies". Journal of Finance 58, 2549-2580] factors into the Fama-French three-factor model. The empirical results show that a simple conditional version of the augmented model is able to explain most well-known asset-pricing anomalies.

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  • Chou, Pin-Huang & Ko, Kuan-Cheng & Lin, Shinn-Juh, 2010. "Do relative leverage and relative distress really explain size and book-to-market anomalies?," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 13(1), pages 77-100, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:finmar:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:77-100
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    2. Chris Godfrey & Chris Brooks, 2015. "The Negative Credit Risk Premium Puzzle: A Limits to Arbitrage Story," ICMA Centre Discussion Papers in Finance icma-dp2015-07, Henley Business School, University of Reading.
    3. Saumya Ranjan Dash & Jitendra Mahakud, 2014. "Do Asset Pricing Models Explain Size, Value, Momentum and Liquidity Effects? The Case of an Emerging Stock Market," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 13(3), pages 217-251, December.
    4. Boubaker, Sabri & Hamza, Taher & Vidal-García, Javier, 2018. "Financial distress and equity returns: A leverage-augmented three-factor model," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 1-15.
    5. Bhatt , Vaishnavi & Sultan, Jahangir, 2012. "Leverage Risk, Financial Crisis, and Stock Returns: A Comparison among Islamic, Conventional, and Socially Responsible Stocks," Islamic Economic Studies, The Islamic Research and Training Institute (IRTI), vol. 20, pages 87-143.
    6. Dongcheol Kim & Inro Lee, 2020. "The financial distress pricing puzzle in banking firms," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(2), pages 1351-1384, June.
    7. Kim, Dongcheol & Lee, Inro & Na, Haejung, 2019. "Financial distress, short sale constraints, and mispricing," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 94-111.

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