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Locked and crossed markets on NASDAQ and the NYSE

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  • Shkilko, Andriy V.
  • Van Ness, Bonnie F.
  • Van Ness, Robert A.

Abstract

The NBBO for an average active stock is non-positive (locked or crossed) 10.58% and 4.05% of the time on, respectively, the NASDAQ and the NYSE inter-markets. Locks and crosses are frequent fleeting events that usually accompany significant price changes. Non-positive NBBOs arise because of (i) simultaneous and (ii) tardy quote updates, (iii) electronically unreachable quotes, (iv) reluctance to trade against autoquotes, (v) order transit considerations, and (vi) ECN liquidity attraction efforts. Most locks and crosses result from competitive trading practices in contemporary fragmented markets.

Suggested Citation

  • Shkilko, Andriy V. & Van Ness, Bonnie F. & Van Ness, Robert A., 2008. "Locked and crossed markets on NASDAQ and the NYSE," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 11(3), pages 308-337, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:finmar:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:308-337
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bessembinder, Hendrik, 2003. "Quote-based competition and trade execution costs in NYSE-listed stocks," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(3), pages 385-422, December.
    2. Goldstein, Michael A. & Shkilko, Andriy V. & Van Ness, Bonnie F. & Van Ness, Robert A., 2008. "Competition in the market for NASDAQ securities," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 113-143, May.
    3. Lee, Charles M C & Ready, Mark J, 1991. "Inferring Trade Direction from Intraday Data," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(2), pages 733-746, June.
    4. repec:bla:jfinan:v:59:y:2004:i:2:p:933-962 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Doron Avramov & Tarun Chordia & Amit Goyal, 2006. "The Impact of Trades on Daily Volatility," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 19(4), pages 1241-1277.
    6. Charles Cao & Eric Ghysels & Frank Hatheway, 2000. "Price Discovery without Trading: Evidence from the Nasdaq Preopening," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 55(3), pages 1339-1365, June.
    7. Ellis, Katrina & Michaely, Roni & O'Hara, Maureen, 2000. "The Accuracy of Trade Classification Rules: Evidence from Nasdaq," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 35(4), pages 529-551, December.
    8. Boehmer, Ekkehart, 2005. "Dimensions of execution quality: Recent evidence for US equity markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(3), pages 553-582, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lescourret, Laurence, 2012. "Non-Fundamental Information and Market-Makers' Behavior during the NASDAQ Preopening Session," ESSEC Working Papers WP1212, ESSEC Research Center, ESSEC Business School.
    2. Brian F Tivnan & David Rushing Dewhurst & Colin M Van Oort & John H Ring IV & Tyler J Gray & Brendan F Tivnan & Matthew T K Koehler & Matthew T McMahon & David M Slater & Jason G Veneman & Christopher, 2020. "Fragmentation and inefficiencies in US equity markets: Evidence from the Dow 30," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(1), pages 1-24, January.
    3. Thierry Foucault & Roman Kozhan & Wing Wah Tham, 2017. "Toxic Arbitrage," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(4), pages 1053-1094.
    4. Dodd, Olga & Frijns, Bart & Indriawan, Ivan & Pascual, Roberto, 2023. "US cross-listing and domestic high-frequency trading: Evidence from Canadian stocks," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 301-320.
    5. Hoffmann, Peter, 2016. "Adverse selection, market access, and inter-market competition," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 108-119.
    6. Youzong Xu & Bo Li, 2017. "Behavioral heterogeneity and financial markets: Locked/crossed quotes under informationally efficient pricing," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 1384524-138, January.
    7. Crépellière, Tommy & Pelster, Matthias & Zeisberger, Stefan, 2023. "Arbitrage in the market for cryptocurrencies," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    8. Laurence Lescourret, 2017. "Cold Case File? Inventory Risk and Information Sharing during the pre†1997 NASDAQ," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 23(4), pages 761-806, September.
    9. Favreau, Charles & Garvey, Ryan, 2022. "Non-positive spreads and trading venue halts: Are investors harmed?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 46(PA).
    10. Poutré, Cédric & Dionne, Georges & Yergeau, Gabriel, 2023. "International high-frequency arbitrage for cross-listed stocks," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    11. Hagströmer, Björn, 2021. "Bias in the effective bid-ask spread," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(1), pages 314-337.
    12. repec:hal:journl:hal-00772798 is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Andrew Todd & Peter Beling & William Scherer, 2016. "Crossed and Locked Quotes in a Multi-Market Simulation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(3), pages 1-19, March.
    14. Garvey, Ryan & Wu, Fei, 2011. "Information, speed vs. cost trade-offs, and order routing decisions in U.S. equity markets," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 408-422, June.

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