Mitigation of carbon footprint in hybrid vehicle-dominated distribution systems via P2G technology and virtual assets

The progressive electrification of urban transportation introduces complex challenges, with plug-in hybrid CNG electric vehicles (PLHGEVs) helping the transition toward fully electric mobility. However, optimizing their operation requires careful consideration of environmental impacts. This research provides insights into decarbonizing urban transport and distribution systems, offering a bridging solution that maximizes the benefits of multi-energy technologies development while paving the way for fully electrified transport. The proposed approach integrates Power-to-Gas (P-2-G) technology with virtual multi-energy hubs to enhance system flexibility and environmental sustainability. It optimizes the interactions between multiple energy carriers, renewable sources, and PLHGEVs operating in both electric and gas modes. By incorporating P-2-G facilities for green hydrogen production, the framework effectively mitigates emissions from fossil-based energy sources and PLHGEVs running on compressed natural gas through carbon dioxide recycling. The assessment of the IEEE 33-bus test system shows that the model achieves a 20 % reduction in emissions. However, due to the high cost of P-2-G system integration, profitability is impacted, resulting in a decrease from 60 to 35 %. These findings highlight the potential of PLHGEV adoption and multi-energy hubs in urban areas to support both sustainability and economic growth.