Integrated modeling and dynamic evaluation indicator system of urban energy systems towards a sustainable, low-carbon pathway

In recent years, driven by structural transformation and the demand for low-carbon development in China, the pursuit of energy structures suited to a city's unique resource endowments has become a significant challenge. This paper presents a dynamic evaluation framework for sustainable and low-carbon urban energy systems, incorporating energy flow coupling, diverse indicators, and the complexity of the evaluation process. First, an integrated model for low-carbon urban energy systems is developed, focusing on energy networks that address electricity, heating, and cooling demands. Second, four aspects including smart management and control are innovatively used in the dynamic evaluation, comprising a total of 39 tertiary indicators. An optimized TOPSIS model is established to achieve the acquisition of dynamic weights. Finally, the design scheme selection and dynamic running state are verified based on actual data from an urban district. The results show that the plan considering hydrogen performs better in the design phase. In the running phase, the most influential indicators are Rate of equipment utilization, Demand side interaction, etc. This paper can effectively guide the construction of energy structures for new urban areas based on local resource conditions for decision makers, achieving sustainable and low-carbon development, which has strong practical and promotion value.