Development of multiple driving cycles with equivalent energy consumption to expand a standard driving cycle

Standard driving cycles have been developed worldwide to provide a universal norm for evaluating and optimizing vehicle economics. These cycles are generated via methods based on the idea of averaging assumptions, expressed in a single and fixed form as a speed-time profile and open to the public, resulting in lacking representation of the real world, risk of cheating during tests, and suboptimization during vehicle design and development. Therefore, in this paper, a novel method for developing multiple driving cycles with equivalent energy consumption is proposed, with the aim of ensuring that test cycles are no longer singular and fixed but can be randomly chosen with guaranteed comparability. Multiple driving cycles are generated with comparable effect to a standard driving cycle. Both simulation and dynamometer tests were performed for validation. The results revealed that the maximum deviations reached 0.77 % for the simulations and 1.79 % for the dynamometer tests. The lack of representation can also be addressed by using user data as a reference. This study highlighted the importance of the driving cycle being stochastic and selectable in vehicle energy consumption testing. The proposed method and conclusions can be referenced as a direction for improving future vehicle economic evaluation and optimization methods.