A three-level model for integration of smart homes, electric vehicle charging stations and hydrogen fuelling stations in reconfigurable microgrids considering vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) technology

Smart consumers and prosumers play a key role in the modern power and energy systems; due to significant share of self-consumption, they may reduce the burden on local distribution systems or microgrids; moreover, as a large share of their demand is supplied by their own renewable energy resources, they considerably contribute to the decarbonization targets. Identifying the impact of smart prosumers on microgrids may assist decision makers to find the challenges and make suitable changes. The operation of reconfigurable microgrids with high penetration of green smart homes (SHs), charging stations (CSs) and hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs) has not been addressed in the literature, so, this paper aims to propose a framework for energy management in the mentioned smart consumers/prosumers and investigate their impact on host microgrids. In the proposed framework, firstly, all electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) optimize their own charging schedule using the price signals received through vehicle-to-infrastructure technology; in the second level, each HFS, CS or SH solves its own energy management model and in the third level, the operator of the microgrid solves its day-ahead operational planning model. The solvers of General Algebraic modeling Systems (GAMS) are used to solve all the mentioned models. The results confirm the efficiency of the developed multi-level methodology; according to the results, the studied microgrid enjoys a daily profit of $571.47, meaning that the revenue, earned by selling electricity to CSs, SHs, HFSs and its own demands is considerably higher than sum of the cost of its micro-turbines and the cost of purchased electricity from upstream grid. The results indicate that the batteries decrease the daily cost of smart homes by 4 %; moreover, the results suggest that batteries cause drastic change in operation cost of the microgrid.