Solar thermochemical and electrochemical research - how they can help reduce the carbon dioxide burden

Any process which decreases the use of fossil fuels as a prime energy source will be used only if it is attractive to industry. To be attractive, an alternative energy source must be cost effective. The only alternative prime energy sources which appear likely to be cost effective in the foreseeable future are nuclear fission and the various manifestations of solar. Fission, no matter how well it is engineered on earth, can cause major disasters because of human error; its apparent cost effectiveness is illusory. Thermonuclear fusion energy is no closer to fruition than it was fifty years ago, when it was first proposed. Solar energy is thermonuclear fusion. The source is far removed from humans. We can't manipulate the safety devices. The realization that one cannot divorce nuclear energy from the hazards of human error and malice is already a given in public policy. Being a 5800K source, solar is most efficiently used when it is directly absorbed at the site of an endothermic reaction at the highest practicable temperature. In recognizing the special thermodynamic attributes of solar energy, for the past 20 years my students and I have explored various solar thermochemical and solar thermoelectrochemical processes. This paper presents a summary of some of our pertinent observations and suggests directions that I believe future research and development should take.