IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v197y2020ics0360544220302747.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Multi-criteria decision-making model for assessment of large photovoltaic farms in Brazil

Author

Listed:
  • Rediske, Graciele
  • Siluk, Julio Cezar M.
  • Michels, Leandro
  • Rigo, Paula D.
  • Rosa, Carmen B.
  • Cugler, Gilberto

Abstract

The decision of the location for the installation of photovoltaic power plants is a critical issue for large-scale projects due to climatic aspects, the proximity to other facilities, and the presence of protected environmental areas. The objective of this study is to propose a model capable of indicating the best location for the implantation of large-scale photovoltaic plants. According to the proposed modeling, the relevant factors were identified to be considered in the choice of the ideal place, which were combined with the GIS-MCDM tools. The analysis of the areas was processed by the gvSIG software, using AHP methods for the weighting of the factors and TOPSIS for ranking the alternatives. In application of this model, a total of 453 areas were identified that could receive a large photovoltaic installation, equivalent to 1823.35 km2 of the study area. Among these study areas, according to our model rating, 67.23% of them are inadequate, 0.52% is good, 12.34% are very good, and only 19.91% are excellent. Since the areas considered excellent are concentrated in the extreme south of the analyzed region, a place of low index of slope and near the substation. In order to validate the quality of the solution obtained by the proposed model was applied a detailed analysis with two scenarios. In the first one are used weights equal to all the criteria and in the second, the MAUT method was applied to rank the alternatives. The modeling proposed in this paper combining with GIS-MCDM is applicable to similar investigations in other regions and also to evaluate the spatial adequacy of other renewable energy technologies.

Suggested Citation

  • Rediske, Graciele & Siluk, Julio Cezar M. & Michels, Leandro & Rigo, Paula D. & Rosa, Carmen B. & Cugler, Gilberto, 2020. "Multi-criteria decision-making model for assessment of large photovoltaic farms in Brazil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:197:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220302747
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.117167
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220302747
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117167?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Saaty, Thomas L., 1978. "Modeling unstructured decision problems — the theory of analytical hierarchies," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 147-158.
    2. Azadeh, A. & Ghaderi, S.F. & Maghsoudi, A., 2008. "Location optimization of solar plants by an integrated hierarchical DEA PCA approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 3993-4004, October.
    3. Kruger, Wikus & Stritzke, Susann & Trotter, Philipp A., 2019. "De-risking solar auctions in sub-Saharan Africa – A comparison of site selection strategies in South Africa and Zambia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 429-438.
    4. Sabo, Mahmoud Lurwan & Mariun, Norman & Hizam, Hashim & Mohd Radzi, Mohd Amran & Zakaria, Azmi, 2017. "Spatial matching of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power generation with utility demand in Peninsular Malaysia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 663-688.
    5. Büyüközkan, Gülçin & Karabulut, Yağmur, 2017. "Energy project performance evaluation with sustainability perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 549-560.
    6. Carstens, Danielle Denes dos Santos & Cunha, Sieglinde Kindl da, 2019. "Challenges and opportunities for the growth of solar photovoltaic energy in Brazil," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 396-404.
    7. Perpiña Castillo, Carolina & Batista e Silva, Filipe & Lavalle, Carlo, 2016. "An assessment of the regional potential for solar power generation in EU-28," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 86-99.
    8. Yang, Qing & Huang, Tianyue & Wang, Saige & Li, Jiashuo & Dai, Shaoqing & Wright, Sebastian & Wang, Yuxuan & Peng, Huaiwu, 2019. "A GIS-based high spatial resolution assessment of large-scale PV generation potential in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 254-269.
    9. Al Garni, Hassan Z. & Awasthi, Anjali, 2017. "Solar PV power plant site selection using a GIS-AHP based approach with application in Saudi Arabia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1225-1240.
    10. Zanardo, Rafael Petri & Siluk, Julio Cezar Mairesse & de Souza Savian, Fernando & Schneider, Paulo Smith, 2018. "Energy audit model based on a performance evaluation system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 544-552.
    11. Doorga, Jay R.S. & Rughooputh, Soonil D.D.V. & Boojhawon, Ravindra, 2019. "Multi-criteria GIS-based modelling technique for identifying potential solar farm sites: A case study in Mauritius," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1201-1219.
    12. Wu, Yunna & Geng, Shuai & Zhang, Haobo & Gao, Min, 2014. "Decision framework of solar thermal power plant site selection based on linguistic Choquet operator," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 303-311.
    13. Choudhary, Devendra & Shankar, Ravi, 2012. "An STEEP-fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS framework for evaluation and selection of thermal power plant location: A case study from India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 510-521.
    14. Amy H. I. Lee & He-Yau Kang & Chun-Yu Lin & Kuan-Chin Shen, 2015. "An Integrated Decision-Making Model for the Location of a PV Solar Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-20, September.
    15. Ferreira, Agmar & Kunh, Sheila S. & Fagnani, Kátia C. & De Souza, Tiago A. & Tonezer, Camila & Dos Santos, Geocris Rodrigues & Coimbra-Araújo, Carlos H., 2018. "Economic overview of the use and production of photovoltaic solar energy in brazil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 181-191.
    16. Zoghi, Mahmood & Houshang Ehsani, Amir & Sadat, Mahdis & javad Amiri, Mohammad & Karimi, Sepideh, 2017. "Optimization solar site selection by fuzzy logic model and weighted linear combination method in arid and semi-arid region: A case study Isfahan-IRAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 986-996.
    17. Carmen B. Rosa & Graciele Rediske & Paula D. Rigo & João Francisco M. Wendt & Leandro Michels & Julio Cezar M. Siluk, 2018. "Development of a Computational Tool for Measuring Organizational Competitiveness in the Photovoltaic Power Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-13, April.
    18. Verônica Wilma B. Azevêdo & Ana Lúcia B. Candeias & Chigueru Tiba, 2017. "Location Study of Solar Thermal Power Plant in the State of Pernambuco Using Geoprocessing Technologies and Multiple-Criteria Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-23, July.
    19. Mohamed, Mohamed A. & Zaki Diab, Ahmed A. & Rezk, Hegazy, 2019. "Partial shading mitigation of PV systems via different meta-heuristic techniques," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 1159-1175.
    20. Yu, Shiwei & Zheng, Yali & Li, Longxi, 2019. "A comprehensive evaluation of the development and utilization of China's regional renewable energy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 73-86.
    21. Aly, Ahmed & Jensen, Steen Solvang & Pedersen, Anders Branth, 2017. "Solar power potential of Tanzania: Identifying CSP and PV hot spots through a GIS multicriteria decision making analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 159-175.
    22. Gorjian, Shiva & Zadeh, Babak Nemat & Eltrop, Ludger & Shamshiri, Redmond R. & Amanlou, Yasaman, 2019. "Solar photovoltaic power generation in Iran: Development, policies, and barriers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 110-123.
    23. Doljak, Dejan & Stanojević, Gorica, 2017. "Evaluation of natural conditions for site selection of ground-mounted photovoltaic power plants in Serbia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 291-300.
    24. Xu, Jiuping & Song, Xiaoling & Wu, Yimin & Zeng, Ziqiang, 2015. "GIS-modelling based coal-fired power plant site identification and selection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 520-539.
    25. Sánchez-Lozano, Juan M. & Teruel-Solano, Jerónimo & Soto-Elvira, Pedro L. & Socorro García-Cascales, M., 2013. "Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods for the evaluation of solar farms locations: Case study in south-eastern Spain," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 544-556.
    26. Uyan, Mevlut, 2013. "GIS-based solar farms site selection using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in Karapinar region, Konya/Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 11-17.
    27. Cevallos-Sierra, Jaime & Ramos-Martin, Jesús, 2018. "Spatial assessment of the potential of renewable energy: The case of Ecuador," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1154-1165.
    28. Ehsan Noorollahi & Dawud Fadai & Mohsen Akbarpour Shirazi & Seyed Hassan Ghodsipour, 2016. "Land Suitability Analysis for Solar Farms Exploitation Using GIS and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)—A Case Study of Iran," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-24, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Krystyna Kurowska & Hubert Kryszk & Stanisław Bielski, 2022. "Location and Technical Requirements for Photovoltaic Power Stations in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-16, April.
    2. Shao, Meng & Zhao, Yuanxu & Sun, Jinwei & Han, Zhixin & Shao, Zhuxiao, 2023. "A decision framework for tidal current power plant site selection based on GIS-MCDM: A case study in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    3. Islam, Md. Rabiul & Aziz, Md. Tareq & Alauddin, Mohammed & Kader, Zarjes & Islam, Md. Rakibul, 2024. "Site suitability assessment for solar power plants in Bangladesh: A GIS-based analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    4. Haddad, Brahim & Díaz-Cuevas, Pilar & Ferreira, Paula & Djebli, Ahmed & Pérez, Juan Pedro, 2021. "Mapping concentrated solar power site suitability in Algeria," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 838-853.
    5. Virginia Thomasi & Julio Cezar Mairesse Siluk & Paula Donaduzzi Rigo & Carmen Brum Rosa & Enoque Dutra Garcia & Ricardo Augusto Cassel & Carlos Fernando da Silva Ramos, 2022. "A Model for Measuring the Photovoltaic Project Performance in Energy Auctions," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(4), pages 501-511, July.
    6. Gao, Jianwei & Wang, Yaping & Huang, Ningbo & Wei, Lingli & Zhang, Zixuan, 2022. "Optimal site selection study of wind-photovoltaic-shared energy storage power stations based on GIS and multi-criteria decision making: A two-stage framework," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 1139-1162.
    7. Nima Mirzaei, 2022. "A Multicriteria Decision Framework for Solar Power Plant Location Selection Problem with Pythagorean Fuzzy Data: A Case Study on Green Energy in Turkey," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-18, November.
    8. Heloísa P. Burin & Julio S. M. Siluk & Graciele Rediske & Carmen B. Rosa, 2020. "Determining Factors and Scenarios of Influence on Consumer Migration from the Regulated Market to the Deregulated Electricity Market," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-18, December.
    9. José Eduardo Tafula & Constantino Dário Justo & Pedro Moura & Jérôme Mendes & Ana Soares, 2023. "Multicriteria Decision-Making Approach for Optimum Site Selection for Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic Microgrids in Mozambique," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-41, March.
    10. Jing, Rui & Liu, Jiahui & Zhang, Haoran & Zhong, Fenglin & Liu, Yupeng & Lin, Jianyi, 2022. "Unlock the hidden potential of urban rooftop agrivoltaics energy-food-nexus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    11. Sultan Al-Shammari & Wonsuk Ko & Essam A. Al Ammar & Majed A. Alotaibi & Hyeong-Jin Choi, 2021. "Optimal Decision-Making in Photovoltaic System Selection in Saudi Arabia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-18, January.
    12. Martínez-Gordón, R. & Morales-España, G. & Sijm, J. & Faaij, A.P.C., 2021. "A review of the role of spatial resolution in energy systems modelling: Lessons learned and applicability to the North Sea region," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    13. Paula Donaduzzi Rigo & Graciele Rediske & Carmen Brum Rosa & Natália Gava Gastaldo & Leandro Michels & Alvaro Luiz Neuenfeldt Júnior & Julio Cezar Mairesse Siluk, 2020. "Renewable Energy Problems: Exploring the Methods to Support the Decision-Making Process," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-27, December.
    14. Catarina R. Matos & Júlio F. Carneiro & Patrícia Pereira da Silva & Carla O. Henriques, 2021. "A GIS-MCDA Approach Addressing Economic-Social-Environmental Concerns for Selecting the Most Suitable Compressed Air Energy Storage Reservoirs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-22, October.
    15. Rigo, Paula D. & Siluk, Julio Cezar M. & Lacerda, Daniel P. & Spellmeier, Júlia P., 2022. "Competitive business model of photovoltaic solar energy installers in Brazil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 39-50.
    16. Lu, Zhiming & Gao, Yan & Xu, Chuanbo, 2021. "Evaluation of energy management system for regional integrated energy system under interval type-2 hesitant fuzzy environment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    17. Hou, Yali & Wang, Qunwei & Tan, Tao, 2023. "An ensemble learning framework for rooftop photovoltaic project site selection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    18. Kumbuso Joshua Nyoni & Anesu Maronga & Paul Gerard Tuohy & Agabu Shane, 2021. "Hydro–Connected Floating PV Renewable Energy System and Onshore Wind Potential in Zambia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-42, August.
    19. Biggins, F.A.V. & Travers, D. & Ejeh, J.O. & Lee, R. & Buckley, A. & Brown, S., 2023. "The economic impact of location on a solar farm co-located with energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    20. Xiaofei Li & Zhao Wang & Yinnan Liu & Haifeng Wang & Liusheng Pei & An Wu & Shuang Sun & Yongjun Lian & Honglu Zhu, 2023. "A Novel Operating State Evaluation Method for Photovoltaic Strings Based on TOPSIS and Its Application," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-16, April.
    21. Tercan, Emre & Eymen, Abdurrahman & Urfalı, Tuğrul & Saracoglu, Burak Omer, 2021. "A sustainable framework for spatial planning of photovoltaic solar farms using GIS and multi-criteria assessment approach in Central Anatolia, Turkey," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    22. Shriki, Noam & Rabinovici, Raul & Yahav, Kobi & Rubin, Ofir, 2023. "Prioritizing suitable locations for national-scale solar PV installations: Israel's site suitability analysis as a case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 105-124.
    23. Andrius Tamošiūnas, 2023. "Selecting Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Modules by Measuring Their Attractiveness by a Categorical-Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH): The Case of Lithuania," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-22, March.
    24. Rediske, G. & Burin, H.P. & Rigo, P.D. & Rosa, C.B. & Michels, L. & Siluk, J.C.M., 2021. "Wind power plant site selection: A systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jalil Heidary Dahooie & Ali Husseinzadeh Kashan & Zahra Shoaei Naeini & Amir Salar Vanaki & Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas & Zenonas Turskis, 2022. "A Hybrid Multi-Criteria-Decision-Making Aggregation Method and Geographic Information System for Selecting Optimal Solar Power Plants in Iran," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-20, April.
    2. Shao, Meng & Han, Zhixin & Sun, Jinwei & Xiao, Chengsi & Zhang, Shulei & Zhao, Yuanxu, 2020. "A review of multi-criteria decision making applications for renewable energy site selection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 377-403.
    3. Al Garni, Hassan Z. & Awasthi, Anjali, 2017. "Solar PV power plant site selection using a GIS-AHP based approach with application in Saudi Arabia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1225-1240.
    4. Alfeus Sunarso & Kunhali Ibrahim-Bathis & Sakti A. Murti & Irwan Budiarto & Harold S. Ruiz, 2020. "GIS-Based Assessment of the Technical and Economic Feasibility of Utility-Scale Solar PV Plants: Case Study in West Kalimantan Province," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-12, August.
    5. Kwak, Yoonshin & Deal, Brian & Heavisides, Tom, 2021. "A large scale multi criteria suitability analysis for identifying solar development potential: A decision support approach for the state of Illinois, USA," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 554-567.
    6. Shorabeh, Saman Nadizadeh & Firozjaei, Mohammad Karimi & Nematollahi, Omid & Firozjaei, Hamzeh Karimi & Jelokhani-Niaraki, Mohammadreza, 2019. "A risk-based multi-criteria spatial decision analysis for solar power plant site selection in different climates: A case study in Iran," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 958-973.
    7. Finn, Thomas & McKenzie, Paul, 2020. "A high-resolution suitability index for solar farm location in complex landscapes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 520-533.
    8. Sward, Jeffrey A. & Nilson, Roberta S. & Katkar, Venktesh V. & Stedman, Richard C. & Kay, David L. & Ifft, Jennifer E. & Zhang, K. Max, 2021. "Integrating social considerations in multicriteria decision analysis for utility-scale solar photovoltaic siting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    9. Noorollahi, Younes & Ghenaatpisheh Senani, Ali & Fadaei, Ahmad & Simaee, Mobina & Moltames, Rahim, 2022. "A framework for GIS-based site selection and technical potential evaluation of PV solar farm using Fuzzy-Boolean logic and AHP multi-criteria decision-making approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 89-104.
    10. Jesús A. Prieto-Amparán & Alfredo Pinedo-Alvarez & Carlos R. Morales-Nieto & María C. Valles-Aragón & Alan Álvarez-Holguín & Federico Villarreal-Guerrero, 2021. "A Regional GIS-Assisted Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Site-Suitability for the Development of Solar Farms," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-19, February.
    11. Dimitra G. Vagiona, 2021. "Comparative Multicriteria Analysis Methods for Ranking Sites for Solar Farm Deployment: A Case Study in Greece," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-23, December.
    12. Hosseini Dehshiri, Seyyed Shahabaddin & Firoozabadi, Bahar, 2022. "A new application of measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) in solar site location for electricity and hydrogen production: A case study in the southern clim," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    13. Saraswat, S.K. & Digalwar, Abhijeet K. & Yadav, S.S. & Kumar, Gaurav, 2021. "MCDM and GIS based modelling technique for assessment of solar and wind farm locations in India," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 865-884.
    14. Li, Xiaoya & Dong, Xinyu & Ye, Yanmei, 2024. "An interaction model applied to optimize photovoltaic farm location: A case study of China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    15. Imad Hassan & Ibrahim Alhamrouni & Nurul Hanis Azhan, 2023. "A CRITIC–TOPSIS Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Optimum Site Selection for Solar PV Farm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-26, May.
    16. Li, Xiao-Ya & Dong, Xin-Yu & Chen, Sha & Ye, Yan-Mei, 2024. "The promising future of developing large-scale PV solar farms in China: A three-stage framework for site selection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    17. Zhao, Chengwei & Xu, Xuanhua & Liu, Ruihuan & He, Jishan, 2021. "A multi-aspect coordination HDRED site selection framework under multi-type heterogeneous environments," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 833-848.
    18. Kim, Byungil & Han, SangUk & Heo, Jae & Jung, Jaehoon, 2020. "Proof-of-concept of a two-stage approach for selecting suitable slopes on a highway network for solar photovoltaic systems: A case study in South Korea," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 366-377.
    19. Majumdar, Debaleena & Pasqualetti, Martin J., 2019. "Analysis of land availability for utility-scale power plants and assessment of solar photovoltaic development in the state of Arizona, USA," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 1213-1231.
    20. Sofia Spyridonidou & Georgia Sismani & Eva Loukogeorgaki & Dimitra G. Vagiona & Hagit Ulanovsky & Daniel Madar, 2021. "Sustainable Spatial Energy Planning of Large-Scale Wind and PV Farms in Israel: A Collaborative and Participatory Planning Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-23, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:197:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220302747. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.