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Distributed small-scale wind in New Zealand: Advantages, barriers and policy support instruments

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  • Barry, Martin
  • Chapman, Ralph

Abstract

If future climate change goals being negotiated internationally are to have any chance of being achieved, developed countries need to undertake a major transition in their energy systems. This will require a rapid expansion of renewable energy generation, including wind electricity. Wind energy in New Zealand is commercially viable in many cases, yet opportunities for its exploitation are far from fully utilised. Many communities are showing resistance to wind farm developments, since large wind farms are often seen as intrusive. Building wind farms on a small scale may be a useful way of overcoming this problem. This study examines the pattern of recent wind industry development in New Zealand. It is argued that two key characteristics have emerged that are limiting the potential development of the industry: a trend towards large scale, leading to increased local opposition; and a small number of investors. Research methods include a review of international and local literature, and a rural mail survey questionnaire, with 338 respondents. We provide survey evidence that small wind farms, and community ownership of them, may be attractive to local communities, and that this point of advantage is helpful for the rapid expansion of wind generation in New Zealand.

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  • Barry, Martin & Chapman, Ralph, 2009. "Distributed small-scale wind in New Zealand: Advantages, barriers and policy support instruments," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(9), pages 3358-3369, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:37:y:2009:i:9:p:3358-3369
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    4. Thomas Hoppe & Antonia Graf & Beau Warbroek & Imke Lammers & Isabella Lepping, 2015. "Local Governments Supporting Local Energy Initiatives: Lessons from the Best Practices of Saerbeck (Germany) and Lochem (The Netherlands)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-32, February.
    5. Soares, N. & Martins, A.G. & Carvalho, A.L. & Caldeira, C. & Du, C. & Castanheira, É. & Rodrigues, E. & Oliveira, G. & Pereira, G.I. & Bastos, J. & Ferreira, J.P. & Ribeiro, L.A. & Figueiredo, N.C. & , 2018. "The challenging paradigm of interrelated energy systems towards a more sustainable future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 171-193.
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    7. Kelly, Geoff, 2011. "History and potential of renewable energy development in New Zealand," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(5), pages 2501-2509, June.
    8. Zolfagharinia, Hossein & Zangiabadi, Maryam & Hafezi, Maryam, 2023. "How much is enough? Government subsidies in supporting green product development," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 309(3), pages 1316-1333.
    9. Poppen, Silvia, 2015. "Energiegenossenschaften und deren Mitglieder: Erste Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung," Arbeitspapiere 157, University of Münster, Institute for Cooperatives.
    10. Schaefer, Manuel S. & Lloyd, Bob & Stephenson, Janet R., 2012. "The suitability of a feed-in tariff for wind energy in New Zealand—A study based on stakeholders' perspectives," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 80-91.
    11. Busch, Henner & Ruggiero, Salvatore & Isakovic, Aljosa & Hansen, Teis, 2021. "Policy challenges to community energy in the EU: A systematic review of the scientific literature," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    12. Teschner, Na'ama & Alterman, Rachelle, 2018. "Preparing the ground: Regulatory challenges in siting small-scale wind turbines in urban areas," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1660-1668.
    13. Justyna Chodkowska-Miszczuk & Jadwiga Biegańska & Stefania Środa-Murawska & Elżbieta Grzelak-Kostulska & Krzysztof Rogatka, 2016. "European Union funds in the development of renewable energy sources in Poland in the context of the cohesion policy," Energy & Environment, , vol. 27(6-7), pages 713-725, November.
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