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Performance of commercially available solar and heat pump water heaters

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  • Lloyd, C.R.
  • Kerr, A.S.D.

Abstract

Many countries are using policy incentives to encourage the adoption of energy-efficient hot water heating as a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Such policies rely heavily on assumed performance factors for such systems. In-situ performance data for solar and heat pump hot water systems, however, are not copious in the literature. Otago University has been testing some systems available in New Zealand for a number of years. The results obtained are compared to international studies of in-situ performance of solar hot water systems and heat pump hot water systems, by converting the results from the international studies into a single index suitable for both solar and heat pump systems (COP). Variability in the international data is investigated as well as comparisons to model results. The conclusions suggest that there is not too much difference in performance between solar systems that have a permanently connected electric boost backup and heat pump systems over a wide range of environmental temperatures. The energy payback time was also calculated for electric boost solar flat plate systems as a function of both COP and hot water usage for a given value of embodied energy. The calculations generally bode well for solar systems but ensuring adequate system performance is paramount. In addition, such systems generally favour high usage rates to obtain good energy payback times.

Suggested Citation

  • Lloyd, C.R. & Kerr, A.S.D., 2008. "Performance of commercially available solar and heat pump water heaters," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 3807-3813, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:36:y:2008:i:10:p:3807-3813
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tully, N., 1995. "The influence of electrical backup element size on the performance of a solar thermosyphon DHW system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 209-217.
    2. Lloyd, C.R, 2001. "Renewable energy options for hot water systems in remote areas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 335-343.
    3. Lloyd, Bob, 2007. "The Commons revisited: The tragedy continues," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 5806-5818, November.
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    1. Wang, Zhangyuan & Guo, Peng & Zhang, Haijing & Yang, Wansheng & Mei, Sheng, 2017. "Comprehensive review on the development of SAHP for domestic hot water," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 871-881.
    2. Panaras, G. & Mathioulakis, E. & Belessiotis, V., 2014. "A method for the dynamic testing and evaluation of the performance of combined solar thermal heat pump hot water systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 124-134.
    3. Christy E. Manyi-Loh & Mandlenkosi Sikhonza & Stephen Tangwe, 2021. "Linear Regression Analysis and Techno-Economic Viability of an Air Source Heat Pump Water Heater in a Residence at a University Campus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-22, April.

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    Keywords

    Solar Hot water Heat pumps;

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