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Stunting, IQ, and final school attainment in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey birth cohort

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  • Adair, Linda S.
  • Carba, Delia B.
  • Lee, Nanette R.
  • Borja, Judith B.

Abstract

School attainment is an important aspect of human capital, and a key determinant of long-term health and well-being. Early life deprivation and poor nutritional status are well known predictors of school entry and progression. We examine the persistence of early life influences and subsequent socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) across the multiple school continuation decisions that lead to final school attainment. Using data from a Philippine birth cohort followed for 35 years, we model 6 continuation decisions: Did not complete elementary school, elementary graduate only (completed grade 6), some secondary schooling, high school graduate, some postsecondary schooling, and college graduate, as well as total years of schooling. We estimate the association of school attainment with early life length for age Z-score (LAZ at 2 years of age) and cognitive development (IQ) as well as underlying indicators of SED and other family influences through early adulthood. The analysis sample includes >1900 participants in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Females completed, on average, one year more schooling than males, and twice as many females as males were college graduates (29.1 vs 15.0 %). LAZ and one standard deviation of IQ were each independently associated with 0.4 more years of attained schooling. A path model demonstrated strong direct associations of SED with years of schooling as well as indirect associations through LAZ and IQ. Sequential logits used to estimate continuing education decisions show persistent associations of early life LAZ and IQ and schooling even after accounting for changing SED of households over the schooling life course. Filipino parents had high but often unmet educational aspirations for their children because of the child’s loss of interest in school and perceived financial barriers. Results further emphasize the importance of early life SED as a key risk factor for suboptimal school attainment.

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  • Adair, Linda S. & Carba, Delia B. & Lee, Nanette R. & Borja, Judith B., 2021. "Stunting, IQ, and final school attainment in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey birth cohort," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ehbiol:v:42:y:2021:i:c:s1570677x2100023x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2021.100999
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jere R. Behrman & Whitney Schott & Subha Mani & Benjamin T. Crookston & Kirk Dearden & Le Thuc Duc & Lia C. H. Fernald & Aryeh D. Stein, 2017. "Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty and Inequality: Parental Resources and Schooling Attainment and Children’s Human Capital in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 65(4), pages 657-697.
    2. Perkins, Jessica M. & Kim, Rockli & Krishna, Aditi & McGovern, Mark & Aguayo, Victor M. & Subramanian, S.V., 2017. "Understanding the association between stunting and child development in low- and middle-income countries: Next steps for research and intervention," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 101-109.
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    6. Liu, Haiyong & Mroz, Thomas & Adair, Linda, 2009. "Parental compensatory behaviors and early child health outcomes in Cebu, Philippines," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(2), pages 209-230, November.
    7. M. Najeeb Shafiq & Robert K. Toutkoushian & Alexandria Valerio, 2019. "Who Benefits from Higher Education in Low- and Middle-Income Countries?," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(11), pages 2403-2423, November.
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    2. Joseph, George & Hoo, Yi Rong & Moqueet, Nazia Sultana & Chellaraj, Gnanaraj, 2023. "Early-life exposure to unimproved sanitation and delayed school enrollment: Evidence from Bangladesh," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).

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