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Protecting nature is necessary but not sufficient for conserving ecosystem services: A comprehensive assessment along a gradient of land-use intensity in Spain

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  • Santos-Martín, F.
  • Zorrilla-Miras, P.
  • Palomo, I.
  • Montes, C.
  • Benayas, J.
  • Maes, J.

Abstract

Land-use intensification is occurring worldwide and is impacting the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. We developed an approach to understand land-use change in relation to ecosystem services synergies and trade-offs at a national level. We test the proposed approach for Spain by mapping the spatial distribution of 14 high-resolution indicators with the aim to (a) facilitate a greater understanding of the spatial interactions among ecosystem services; (b) identify the hotspots of ecosystem service synergies and trade-offs; and (c) explain the ecosystem service synergies and trade-offs in relation to a land-use intensity gradient. Our results show how current land-use management in Spain is creating a landscape-level dichotomy between land-use intensification and protection (through the declaration of protected areas), which is having a clear negative effect on the conservation of essential ecosystem services. For example, we spatially identify where agricultural intensification is presenting a major trade-off with other ecosystem services. Finally, we discuss the urgent need for a new comprehensive model of landscape planning at a national scale that takes into account the complex interactions among ecosystem services and the establishment of a new governance body at national level regarding the management and conservation of ecosystem services.

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  • Santos-Martín, F. & Zorrilla-Miras, P. & Palomo, I. & Montes, C. & Benayas, J. & Maes, J., 2019. "Protecting nature is necessary but not sufficient for conserving ecosystem services: A comprehensive assessment along a gradient of land-use intensity in Spain," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 43-51.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecoser:v:35:y:2019:i:c:p:43-51
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.11.006
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    5. Guo Cai & Yuying Lin & Fazi Zhang & Shihe Zhang & Linsheng Wen & Baoyin Li, 2022. "Response of Ecosystem Service Value to Landscape Pattern Changes under Low-Carbon Scenario: A Case Study of Fujian Coastal Areas," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-23, December.
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    7. Xinxin Fu & Xiaofeng Wang & Jitao Zhou & Jiahao Ma, 2021. "Optimizing the Production-Living-Ecological Space for Reducing the Ecosystem Services Deficit," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, September.
    8. Vári, Ágnes & Adamescu, Cristian Mihai & Balzan, Mario & Gocheva, Kremena & Götzl, Martin & Grunewald, Karsten & Inácio, Miguel & Linder, Madli & Obiang-Ndong, Grégory & Pereira, Paulo & Santos-Martin, 2024. "National mapping and assessment of ecosystem services projects in Europe – Participants’ experiences, state of the art and lessons learned," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    9. Das, Manob & Das, Arijit & Pandey, Rajiv, 2022. "Importance-performance analysis of ecosystem services in tribal communities of the Barind region, Eastern India," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).

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