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Protecting nature is necessary but not sufficient for conserving ecosystem services: A comprehensive assessment along a gradient of land-use intensity in Spain

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  • Santos-Martín, F.
  • Zorrilla-Miras, P.
  • Palomo, I.
  • Montes, C.
  • Benayas, J.
  • Maes, J.

Abstract

Land-use intensification is occurring worldwide and is impacting the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. We developed an approach to understand land-use change in relation to ecosystem services synergies and trade-offs at a national level. We test the proposed approach for Spain by mapping the spatial distribution of 14 high-resolution indicators with the aim to (a) facilitate a greater understanding of the spatial interactions among ecosystem services; (b) identify the hotspots of ecosystem service synergies and trade-offs; and (c) explain the ecosystem service synergies and trade-offs in relation to a land-use intensity gradient. Our results show how current land-use management in Spain is creating a landscape-level dichotomy between land-use intensification and protection (through the declaration of protected areas), which is having a clear negative effect on the conservation of essential ecosystem services. For example, we spatially identify where agricultural intensification is presenting a major trade-off with other ecosystem services. Finally, we discuss the urgent need for a new comprehensive model of landscape planning at a national scale that takes into account the complex interactions among ecosystem services and the establishment of a new governance body at national level regarding the management and conservation of ecosystem services.

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  • Santos-Martín, F. & Zorrilla-Miras, P. & Palomo, I. & Montes, C. & Benayas, J. & Maes, J., 2019. "Protecting nature is necessary but not sufficient for conserving ecosystem services: A comprehensive assessment along a gradient of land-use intensity in Spain," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 43-51.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecoser:v:35:y:2019:i:c:p:43-51
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.11.006
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    2. Gaglio, Mattias & Aschonitis, Vassilis & Castaldelli, Giuseppe & Fano, Elisa Anna, 2020. "Land use intensification rather than land cover change affects regulating services in the mountainous Adige river basin (Italy)," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    3. Jian Zhang & Meixia Ren & Xin Lu & Yu Li & Jianjun Cao, 2022. "Effect of the Belt and Road Initiatives on Trade and Its Related LUCC and Ecosystem Services of Central Asian Nations," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-18, June.
    4. Vári, Ágnes & Adamescu, Cristian Mihai & Balzan, Mario & Gocheva, Kremena & Götzl, Martin & Grunewald, Karsten & Inácio, Miguel & Linder, Madli & Obiang-Ndong, Grégory & Pereira, Paulo & Santos-Martin, 2024. "National mapping and assessment of ecosystem services projects in Europe – Participants’ experiences, state of the art and lessons learned," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    5. Bingqing Li & Zhanqi Wang & Ji Chai, 2022. "Verifying the Synthesized Effects of Intensive Urban Land Use on Quality of Life, Ecology, and Urban-Land-Use Scale in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-18, May.
    6. Marull, Joan & Padró, Roc & Cirera, Jacob & Giocoli, Annalisa & Pons, Manel & Tello, Enric, 2021. "A socioecological integrated analysis of the Barcelona metropolitan agricultural landscapes," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    7. Xinxin Fu & Xiaofeng Wang & Jitao Zhou & Jiahao Ma, 2021. "Optimizing the Production-Living-Ecological Space for Reducing the Ecosystem Services Deficit," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, September.
    8. CAO, Yu & Cao, Yu & Li, Guoyu & Tian, Yuhan & Fang, Xiaoqian & Li, Yan & Tan, Yongzhong, 2020. "Linking ecosystem services trade-offs, bundles and hotspot identification with cropland management in the coastal Hangzhou Bay area of China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    9. Das, Manob & Das, Arijit & Pandey, Rajiv, 2022. "Importance-performance analysis of ecosystem services in tribal communities of the Barind region, Eastern India," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).

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