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Economic outcomes of gender diverse people: New evidence from linked administrative data in New Zealand

Author

Listed:
  • Carpenter, Christopher S.
  • Kirkpatrick, Linda
  • Lee, Maxine J.
  • Plum, Alexander

Abstract

We provide new evidence on the economic outcomes of transgender and gender diverse people in New Zealand (NZ) using confidential linked administrative data from driver license records – which identify gender diverse people since 2021 – linked to NZ birth and tax records. We document that gender diverse people are younger than both transgender and cisgender people but are more highly educated than transgender people. Relative to otherwise similar cisgender men, we find large employment and earnings penalties for transgender and gender diverse people. Earnings gaps for gender diverse individuals are especially large.

Suggested Citation

  • Carpenter, Christopher S. & Kirkpatrick, Linda & Lee, Maxine J. & Plum, Alexander, 2025. "Economic outcomes of gender diverse people: New evidence from linked administrative data in New Zealand," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:247:y:2025:i:c:s0165176524006396
    DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2024.112155
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Transgender; Gender diverse; Employment; Earnings; Linked administrative data; New Zealand;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics

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