IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v174y2025ics0304387824001986.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Beyond the records: Data quality and COVID-19 vaccination progress in low- and middle-income countries

Author

Listed:
  • Markhof, Yannick
  • Wollburg, Philip
  • Zezza, Alberto

Abstract

Using phone surveys and administrative data in 36 LMICs, we find survey-based COVID-19 vaccine coverage to systematically exceed administrative figures by 47% on average. This discrepancy is strongest in Sub-Saharan Africa, raising questions about the role of data quality for our understanding of vaccination progress. We isolate the effect of sampling and measurement errors on the estimated vaccination rate in six survey experiments conducted in five Sub-Saharan African countries. Accounting for respondent selection effects reduces misalignment between data sources by 42% on average. Proxy reports miss some vaccinations, but other error sources including strategic misreporting, panel conditioning, or survey mode effects do not affect survey estimates. After adjusting for errors in the survey data, a substantial average gap of 9 percentage points remains with the official figures and seems to relate to flaws in administrative records that we document using data covering all 134 LMICs worldwide. Our results provide novel evidence on the size and sources of measurement error in modern data sources that have seen a surge in use by development economists. Our error-corrected estimates imply that vaccination progress may have been quicker than what African countries were credited for in the public discourse.

Suggested Citation

  • Markhof, Yannick & Wollburg, Philip & Zezza, Alberto, 2025. "Beyond the records: Data quality and COVID-19 vaccination progress in low- and middle-income countries," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:deveco:v:174:y:2025:i:c:s0304387824001986
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103449
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387824001986
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103449?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Data quality; Vaccination; COVID-19; Survey data; Administrative data; Measurement;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I14 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Inequality
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • C81 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access
    • C82 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data; Data Access
    • C83 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:deveco:v:174:y:2025:i:c:s0304387824001986. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/devec .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.