IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/corfin/v40y2016icp97-109.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Warrants in underwritten IPOs: The Alternative Investment Market (AIM) experience

Author

Listed:
  • Khurshed, Arif
  • Kostas, Dimitris
  • Saadouni, Brahim

Abstract

We examine the use of warrants as a part of underwriter compensation in IPOs listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange. Our results show that, though warrant-issuing IPO firms are riskier, they are usually underwritten by reputable underwriters. Firms that are cash constrained at the time of their IPO are more likely to use warrants. Both market volatility and hot issue markets increase the likelihood of firms issuing warrants. We also find that warrant issuers are able to minimise their total costs of going public, even under a very light regulatory setting with regards non-cash compensation. They incur actual costs of 29.1%, but would have incurred greater costs of 33.8% had they not issued warrants to their underwriters. Overall, our results support the cost minimisation explanation of the use of warrants by UK IPO firms.

Suggested Citation

  • Khurshed, Arif & Kostas, Dimitris & Saadouni, Brahim, 2016. "Warrants in underwritten IPOs: The Alternative Investment Market (AIM) experience," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 97-109.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:corfin:v:40:y:2016:i:c:p:97-109
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.07.010
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929119916300906
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.07.010?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Clarkson, Peter M & Thompson, Rex, 1990. "Empirical Estimates of Beta When Investors Face Estimation Risk," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 431-453, June.
    2. Ng, Chee K & Smith, Richard L, 1996. "Determinants of Contract Choice: The Use of Warrants to Compensate Underwriters of Seasoned Equity Issues," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 51(1), pages 363-380, March.
    3. Barry, Christopher B. & Muscarella, Chris J. & Vetsuypens, Michael R., 1991. "Underwriter warrants, underwriter compensation, and the costs of going public," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 113-135, March.
    4. Hsuan‐Chi Chen & Jay R. Ritter, 2000. "The Seven Percent Solution," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 55(3), pages 1105-1131, June.
    5. Nielsson, Ulf, 2013. "Do less regulated markets attract lower quality firms? Evidence from the London AIM market," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 335-352.
    6. Lily Hua Fang, 2005. "Investment Bank Reputation and the Price and Quality of Underwriting Services," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(6), pages 2729-2761, December.
    7. Jacqueline L. Garner & Beverly B. Marshall, 2014. "Underwriter Compensation Structure: Can It Really Bond Underwriters?," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 49(1), pages 21-48, February.
    8. Booth, James R. & Smith, Richard II, 1986. "Capital raising, underwriting and the certification hypothesis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 261-281.
    9. Heckman, James, 2013. "Sample selection bias as a specification error," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 31(3), pages 129-137.
    10. Andrey Golubov & Dimitris Petmezas & Nickolaos G. Travlos, 2012. "When It Pays to Pay Your Investment Banker: New Evidence on the Role of Financial Advisors in M&As," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(1), pages 271-312, February.
    11. Ritter, Jay R, 1984. "The "Hot Issue" Market of 1980," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 57(2), pages 215-240, April.
    12. Habib, Michel A & Ljungqvist, Alexander P, 2001. "Underpricing and Entrepreneurial Wealth Losses in IPOs: Theory and Evidence," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 14(2), pages 433-458.
    13. Franklin Allen, 1984. "Reputation and Product Quality," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 15(3), pages 311-327, Autumn.
    14. Carter, Richard B & Manaster, Steven, 1990. "Initial Public Offerings and Underwriter Reputation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(4), pages 1045-1067, September.
    15. Jay R. Ritter, 2003. "Differences between European and American IPO Markets," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 9(4), pages 421-434, December.
    16. Tim Loughran & Jay R. Ritter, 2002. "Why Don't Issuers Get Upset About Leaving Money on the Table in IPOs?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 15(2), pages 413-444, March.
    17. repec:bla:jfinan:v:59:y:2004:i:5:p:2309-2338 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Jain, Bharat A. & Kini, Omesh, 1999. "On investment banker monitoring in the new issues market," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 49-84, January.
    19. Gerakos, Joseph & Lang, Mark & Maffett, Mark, 2013. "Post-listing performance and private sector regulation: The experience of London's Alternative Investment Market," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 189-215.
    20. Bruce Burton & Christine Helliar & David Power, 2006. "Practitioners' Perspectives on the IPO Process and the Perils of Flotation," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(8), pages 671-692.
    21. Sung Bae & Hoje Jo, 2007. "Underwriter warrants, underwriter reputation, and growth signaling," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 29(2), pages 129-154, August.
    22. Ritter, Jay R., 1987. "The costs of going public," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 269-281, December.
    23. Chris Mallin & Kean Ow-Yong, 2010. "The UK Alternative Investment Market – Ethical Dimensions," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 95(2), pages 223-239, September.
    24. Carl Shapiro, 1983. "Premiums for High Quality Products as Returns to Reputations," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 98(4), pages 659-679.
    25. Boehme, Rodney & Çolak, Gönül, 2012. "Primary market characteristics and secondary market frictions of stocks," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 286-327.
    26. Ibbotson, Roger G., 1975. "Price performance of common stock new issues," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 2(3), pages 235-272, September.
    27. Lee, Lung-Fei, 1978. "Unionism and Wage Rates: A Simultaneous Equations Model with Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variables," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 19(2), pages 415-433, June.
    28. Klein, Benjamin & Leffler, Keith B, 1981. "The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 89(4), pages 615-641, August.
    29. Katrin Migliorati & Silvio Vismara, 2014. "Ranking Underwriters of European IPOs," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 20(5), pages 891-925, November.
    30. Susanne Espenlaub & Arif Khurshed & Abdulkadir Mohamed, 2012. "IPO Survival in a Reputational Market," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(3-4), pages 427-463, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hafiz Hoque & John Doukas, 2024. "Endogenous market choice, listing regulations, and IPO spread: Evidence from the London Stock Exchange," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(2), pages 2360-2380, April.
    2. Carmen Barroso-Castro & Marta Domínguez de la Concha Castañeda & Mª de los Ángeles Rodríguez Serrano, 2022. "Listed SMEs and innovation: the role of founding board members," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 901-934, June.
    3. Hafiz Hoque, 2022. "Endogenous market choice, listing regulations and IPO spread: Evidence from the London Stock Exchange," Working Papers 2022-02, Swansea University, School of Management.
    4. Abdul Wahid & Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz, 2020. "Long-run price performance of local and dual class IPOs in alternative investment market," Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, vol. 38(1), pages 71-100.
    5. Abdul WAHID & Muhammad Zubair MUMTAZ & Edmund H. MANTELL, 2020. "Short-Run Pricing Performance of Local and Dual Class IPOs in Alternative Investment Market," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(1), pages 57-74, March.
    6. Carlos Miguel Glória & José Carlos Dias & Aricson Cruz, 2024. "Pricing levered warrants under the CEV diffusion model," Review of Derivatives Research, Springer, vol. 27(1), pages 55-84, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fernando, Chitru S. & Gatchev, Vladimir A. & May, Anthony D. & Megginson, William L., 2015. "Prestige without purpose? Reputation, differentiation, and pricing in U.S. equity underwriting," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 41-63.
    2. Fouad Jamaani & Manal Alidarous, 2019. "Review of Theoretical Explanations of IPO Underpricing," Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, Scientific Publishing Institute, vol. 6(1), pages 1-18.
    3. Catherine M. Daily & S. Trevis Certo & Dan R. Dalton & Rungpen Roengpitya, 2003. "IPO Underpricing: A Meta–Analysis and Research Synthesis," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 27(3), pages 271-295, July.
    4. Khurshed, Arif & Kostas, Dimitris & Mohamed, Abdulkadir & Saadouni, Brahim, 2018. "Initial public offerings on the UK when-issued market," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 1-14.
    5. Goergen, Marc & Gounopoulos, Dimitrios & Koutroumpis, Panagiotis, 2021. "Do multiple credit ratings reduce money left on the table? Evidence from U.S. IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    6. Tiziana La Rocca, 2021. "Do prestigious underwriters shape IPO pricing? A meta-analytic review," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 573-609, April.
    7. Jones, Steven L. & Yeoman, John C., 2014. "Initial uncertainty and the risk of setting a fixed-offer price: Implications for the pricing of bookbuilt and best-efforts IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 194-215.
    8. Oehler, Andreas & Rummer, Marco & Smith, Peter N., 2004. "IPO Pricing and the Relative Importance of Investor Sentiment: Evidence from Germany," Discussion Papers 26, University of Bamberg, Chair of Finance.
    9. Josef Schuster, 2003. "The Cross-Section of European IPO Returns," FMG Discussion Papers dp460, Financial Markets Group.
    10. How, Janice C. Y. & Yeo, Julian J. L., 2000. "The pricing of underwriting services in the Australian capital market," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 8(3-4), pages 347-373, July.
    11. Schuster, Josef Anton, 2003. "The cross-section of European IPO returns," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 24859, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    12. Carbo-Valverde, Santiago & Rodriguez-Fernandez, Francisco & Saunders, Anthony, 2021. "Underwriting bank bonds: Information sharing, certification and distribution networks," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    13. McGuinness, Paul B., 2016. "Voluntary profit forecast disclosures, IPO pricing revisions and after-market earnings drift," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 70-83.
    14. Altinkilic, Oya & Hansen, Robert S., 2003. "Discounting and underpricing in seasoned equity offers," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(2), pages 285-323, August.
    15. Robert M. Bushman & Regina Wittenberg‐Moerman, 2012. "The Role of Bank Reputation in “Certifying” Future Performance Implications of Borrowers’ Accounting Numbers," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(4), pages 883-930, September.
    16. Signori, Andrea, 2018. "Zero-revenue IPOs," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 106-121.
    17. Garner, Jacqueline L. & Marshall, Beverly B., 2010. "The non-7% solution," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1664-1674, July.
    18. Agathee, Ushad Subadar & Sannassee, Raja Vinesh & Brooks, Chris, 2012. "The underpricing of IPOs on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 281-303.
    19. Grammenos, Costas Th. & Papapostolou, Nikos C., 2012. "US shipping initial public offerings: Do prospectus and market information matter?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 276-295.
    20. Reber, Beat & Vencappa, Dev, 2016. "Deliberate premarket underpricing and aftermarket mispricing: New insights on IPO pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 18-33.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    IPOs; Warrants; Brokers; Compensation; AIM;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • G34 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
    • G38 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Government Policy and Regulation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:corfin:v:40:y:2016:i:c:p:97-109. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jcorpfin .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.