Non-similar investigation of magnetohydrodynamics hybrid nanofluid flow over a porous medium with Joule heating and radiative effects

The aim of present article is to investigate the mixed convective magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow through non-similar modeling of hybrid nanofluid over a stretched surface with radiative effects. Nanofluids are considered a cutting-edge medium for energy transmission in the next generation, with outstanding thermodynamic features. The investigation of heat transfer on exponentially expanded sheets hold significant importance for researchers, given its broad range of applications in industries, manufacturing processes, and medical fields. In this study the flow is endorsed with the viscous dissipation, Joule heating and radiation impacts in the energy equation. In order to enhance the heat transfer, hybrid nanoparticles uniformly mixed with the base fluid. The differential equations emerged after the mathematical formulations are made non-dimensional via the non-similarity transformation up to the second order of iteration. To numerically simulate ordinary differential equations (ODEs), the MATLAB function bvp4c is employed. Key factors have been thoroughly mapped out in graphical form for easy comprehension. It is observed that when the strength of the Prandtl and Eckert number increases, the energy profile decreases, meanwhile temperature for expanding surface increases with an expansion in magnetic parameter. It is observed that the greater radiation quantities throughout the entire flux zone increase the thickness of the thermal boundary layer and the hydrodynamic temperature in the stretching situation. The increasing heat for expanding sheet causes fluid temperature to rise heat parameter, but the opposite consequences occur for shrinking sheet. The velocity reduces as the magnetic factor and the porosity parameter rises. The relevant engineering parameters, specifically the coefficient of skin friction and Nusselt number, have been documented in tabular form with respect to the significant factors mentioned earlier. The Nusselt coefficient decreases with an expansion in magnetic and the Ecker number. In accordance with the author's understanding, no previous work on the current model utilizing the local non-similarity method has been published. This discovery could help researchers who are interested in thermal power plants and solar energy storage. In limiting case, excellent agreement is found between present work and published article.