Molecular dynamics study of the thermal radiatively pressure-driven flow of two immiscible hybrid nanofluids through a curved pipe with viscous dissipation

Hybrid nanomaterials significantly enhance thermal systems through improved thermal conductivity, efficient energy storage, and customized thermomechanical properties. Due to their superior thermophysical characteristics, hybrid nanofluids are crucial in fields such as industry, biomedicine, transportation, and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the current article scrutinizes the characteristics of heat transfer on the thermally radiative flow of two immiscible hybrid nanofluids through a curved pipe induced due to a pressure gradient in an axial direction. The pipe is divided into two distinct regions: namely, (i) Region 1 (core) is filled with base fluid kerosene oil containing copper (Cu) and carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoparticles, while (ii) Region 2 (peripheral) is filled with base fluid water containing zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles. The complex curvilinear coordinates called toroidal coordinates are used to form a mathematical model for the present problem. The fluid in the core region is assumed to be more viscous than that of the peripheral region as such types of flows are observed in real life (viz. blood flow through arteries). Equations governing the flow are considered without ignoring any curvature ratio terms and are solved analytically by considering the perturbation series. The continuity of velocities and shear stresses at the fluid-fluid interface is taken into account along with no-slip, symmetric, and regularity conditions while solving the two-fluid flow problem under consideration. The effect of various fluid parameters such as curvature ratio, Reynolds number, viscosity ratio, and density ratio on the axial velocity and temperature is studied through 2-dimensional graphs, contour plots, and streamlines. The results show that the axial velocity of immiscible fluids flow decreases with an increase in the concentration of nanomaterials. Heat transport characteristics of nanofluid are increased by the addition of nanomaterials.