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Improving the energy balance of bioethanol production from winter cereals: the effect of crop production intensity

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  • Rosenberger, A.
  • Kaul, H. -P.
  • Senn, T.
  • Aufhammer, W.

Abstract

Energy balances were calculated on the basis of biennial field trials conducted at two locations in southwest Germany. Winter cereals (rye cultivar [`]Farino', triticale cv. [`]Modus', wheat cv. [`]Batis') were grown under different crop production conditions (and intensities) optimized for ethanol production. To minimize the use of fossil energy, previous legume crops (pea, grass-clover) or stillage were substituted for mineral nitrogen. Stillage is a liquid processing residue from bioethanol processing that contains nitrogen in organic form. Along with the grain, straw, and bioethanol yields per hectare, both the cultivation and conversion processes were considered. The net energy gains (GJ ha-1) and output/input ratios were computed either with or without by-product stillage and straw. As crop production intensity increased, both the energy output and the net energy gain per ha rose. However, the output/input ratios fell. Peak net energy gains (max. 56.4 GJ ha-1) and highest output/input ratios (max. 3.07) without by-product consideration occurred after a previous pea crop. In stillage manuring, the net energy gains remained minor in comparison to mineral nitrogen fertilization because of poor cereal yield. Hence, the entire replacement of mineral nitrogen with stillage could not be approved unreservedly. Replacing basic nutrients (i.e. P2O5, K2O) appears more feasible instead.

Suggested Citation

  • Rosenberger, A. & Kaul, H. -P. & Senn, T. & Aufhammer, W., 2001. "Improving the energy balance of bioethanol production from winter cereals: the effect of crop production intensity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 51-67, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:68:y:2001:i:1:p:51-67
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    Cited by:

    1. Morales, Marjorie & Quintero, Julián & Conejeros, Raúl & Aroca, Germán, 2015. "Life cycle assessment of lignocellulosic bioethanol: Environmental impacts and energy balance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1349-1361.
    2. Smyth, Beatrice M. & Murphy, Jerry D. & O'Brien, Catherine M., 2009. "What is the energy balance of grass biomethane in Ireland and other temperate northern European climates?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(9), pages 2349-2360, December.
    3. Buresová, Iva & Hrivna, Ludek, 2011. "Effect of wheat gluten proteins on bioethanol yield from grain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(4), pages 1205-1210, April.
    4. Tuti, M.D. & Prakash, Ved & Pandey, B.M. & Bhattacharyya, R. & Mahanta, D. & Bisht, J.K. & Kumar, Mukesh & Mina, B.L. & Kumar, N. & Bhatt, J.C. & Srivastva, A.K., 2012. "Energy budgeting of colocasia-based cropping systems in the Indian sub-Himalayas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 986-993.
    5. Nassi o Di Nasso, N. & Bosco, S. & Di Bene, C. & Coli, A. & Mazzoncini, M. & Bonari, E., 2011. "Energy efficiency in long-term Mediterranean cropping systems with different management intensities," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1924-1930.
    6. Bram, S. & De Ruyck, J. & Lavric, D., 2009. "Using biomass: A system perturbation analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(2), pages 194-201, February.

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