Advances and prospects of low temperature LiS batteries

In the forefront of energy storage technology, there remains a significant demand for high energy and high power density batteries capable of stable operation across a wide temperature range. Lithium‑sulfur batteries are anticipated to lead the energy storage sector due to their exceptional energy density. Nevertheless, enhancing their performance in cold environments is crucial for broader adoption. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the fundamental failure mechanisms and key challenges faced by lithium‑sulfur batteries under low-temperature conditions. The primary issues identified include the difficulty of lithium ions traversing the desolvation barrier, erratic nucleation and deposition of lithium ions, polysulfide compound aggregation, and the barrier effect of Li2S films as sulfide precipitates on electrodes. Addressing these critical challenges, this study thoroughly reviews the current research progress, encountered obstacles, and future directions for lithium‑sulfur batteries in low-temperature environments. The paper explores research findings on various battery material components, with a specific focus on the potential of sulfur as a cathode material, advanced electrolytes (including solvents, electrolyte salts, and additives), and lithium metal for anode applications. The performance of electrochemically inactive components, such as separators and interlayers, is also assessed at low temperatures. Moreover, in light of the future development of practical lithium‑sulfur batteries for low-temperature applications, several improvement suggestions are proposed. These recommendations aim to accelerate commercialization and foster innovation in the lithium‑sulfur batteries field.