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Design improvements for the ubiquitous electric toaster

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  • Newborough, M.
  • Batty, W. J.
  • Probert, S. D.

Abstract

Previous studies concerning bread-toasting operations, as well as the designs and performances of currently available domestic toasters are reviewed. Methods for improving the quality of the toast produced by a typical double-slot toaster, together with modifications which will raise its thermal efficiency and make it safer to use, are discussed. A controller is described which can compensate automatically for the initial non-ambient environmental temperature of the toaster (which is caused usually by an immediately preceding toasting operation), so that batches of toast of similar quality can be produced consistently. The findings from a survey concerning the toasteating habits of 250 adults are presented as an appendix.

Suggested Citation

  • Newborough, M. & Batty, W. J. & Probert, S. D., 1987. "Design improvements for the ubiquitous electric toaster," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 1-52.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:27:y:1987:i:1:p:1-52
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