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Banks’ Interest Margins After the Interest Rate Turnaround – Windfall Profits and Policy Measures Aimed at Bank Resilience and Consumer Welfare

Author

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  • Philipp Budde
  • Doris Neuberger

Abstract

The European Central Bank’s interest rate hikes since July 2022 have been passed on to customers by banks on credit markets to a much greater extent than on deposit markets. As a result, banks’ net interest margins have risen extraordinarily sharply. An analysis of the interest rate pass-through on individual submarkets in Germany shows that interest rates for overdrafts have increased the most and interest rates for overnight deposits the least. The banks’ increased interest profits are therefore at the expense of lower-income households in particular. The additional profits made by banks compared to previous periods can be attributed to the high interest rates on their central bank deposits, market power in individual customer segments, a low willingness of customers to switch, and ineffective usury legislation. To prevent unearned windfall profits in advance without jeopardizing the resilience of banks, we propose increasing unremunerated minimum reserve requirements by the central bank, strengthening competition policy in the banking sector, limiting banks’ dividend distributions, improving consumers’ financial information and education, offering them a regulated savings product, and reforming interest rate ceilings on credit markets. A windfall profits tax should remain a measure of last resort. Trans-Abstract: Die Zinserhöhungen der Europäischen Zentralbank seit Juli 2022 wurden von Banken auf Kreditmärkten wesentlich stärker an Kund:innen weitergegeben als auf Einlagenmärkten. Dadurch sind die Nettozinsmargen der Banken außerordentlich stark gestiegen. Eine Betrachtung der Zinsüberwälzung deutscher Banken auf einzelnen Teilmärkten zeigt, dass die Zinsen für Überziehungskredite am stärksten und die Zinsen für täglich fällige Einlagen am wenigsten stark erhöht wurden. Die gestiegenen Zinsgewinne der Banken gehen damit auf Kosten vor allem einkommensschwächerer Haushalte. Die im Vergleich zu früheren Perioden erzielten Zusatzgewinne der Banken lassen sich auf die hohe Verzinsung ihrer Zentralbankeinlagen, Marktmacht in einzelnen Kundensegmenten, eine geringe Wechselbereitschaft von Kund:innen und eine ineffektive Wuchergesetzgebung zurückführen. Um leistungslose Zusatzgewinne bereits im Vorfeld zu verhindern ohne die Resilienz der Banken zu gefährden, schlagen wir vor, die unverzinslichen Mindestreserveanforderungen der Zentralbank zu erhöhen, die Wettbewerbspolitik im Bankensektor zu stärken, die Dividendenausschüttungen der Banken zu begrenzen, die finanzielle Aufklärung und Bildung der Verbraucher:innen zu verbessern, ihnen ein reguliertes Sparprodukt anzubieten und die Zinsobergrenzen auf den Kreditmärkten zu reformieren. Eine Gewinnsteuer sollte die Ultima-Ratio-Maßnahme bleiben.

Suggested Citation

  • Philipp Budde & Doris Neuberger, 2024. "Banks’ Interest Margins After the Interest Rate Turnaround – Windfall Profits and Policy Measures Aimed at Bank Resilience and Consumer Welfare," Vierteljahreshefte zur Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsforschung, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 1(2), pages 259-290.
  • Handle: RePEc:dah:aeqvaw:v1_y2024_i2_q2_p259-290
    DOI: 10.3790/vaw.1.2.259
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    D14; D18; E4; E5; G21; G28; G35; G51; L1;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D14 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Saving; Personal Finance
    • D18 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Protection
    • E4 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • G35 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Payout Policy
    • G51 - Financial Economics - - Household Finance - - - Household Savings, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth
    • L1 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

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