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Degree Of Stringency Matters: Revisiting The Pollution Haven Hypothesis Based On Heterogeneous Panels And Aggregate Data

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  • Jobert, Thomas
  • Karanfil, Fatih
  • Tykhonenko, Anna

Abstract

Empirical studies on the trade-environment nexus that use panel data face two simultaneous challenges. One is associated with the potential presence of unobserved cross-country heterogeneity, while the other is due to the use of aggregate data. In this paper, we apply both the dynamic fixed effects and iterative empirical Bayes estimators to show first that when country heterogeneity is accurately accounted for in the estimation, it is possible to obtain significant impacts of trade variables on the environment, even though we use aggregate data. Second, using both the empirical Bayes parameter estimates and indicators of stringency of environmental regulations, we show that at low levels of stringency, the probability of having pollution-intensive foreign direct investments (FDIs) increases with a decrease in stringency. However, at high levels of regulatory stringency, more stringent regulations may lead to more pollution-intensive FDIs. This implies that pollution havens may exist only if environmental regulations are very lax or nonexistent.

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  • Jobert, Thomas & Karanfil, Fatih & Tykhonenko, Anna, 2019. "Degree Of Stringency Matters: Revisiting The Pollution Haven Hypothesis Based On Heterogeneous Panels And Aggregate Data," Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 23(7), pages 2675-2697, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:macdyn:v:23:y:2019:i:07:p:2675-2697_00
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    Cited by:

    1. Lamperti, Francesco & Napoletano, Mauro & Roventini, Andrea, 2020. "Green Transitions And The Prevention Of Environmental Disasters: Market-Based Vs. Command-And-Control Policies," Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 24(7), pages 1861-1880, October.
    2. Anna Tykhonenko & Donnat Grégory, 2022. "Debt Relief: The Day After, Financing Low-Income Countries," Post-Print hal-04298772, HAL.
    3. Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada & Mattia Ferrari, 2020. "Environmental Policy Stringency, Technical Progress and Pollution Haven Hypothesis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-20, May.
    4. Justyna Godawska & Joanna Wyrobek, 2021. "The Impact of Environmental Policy Stringency on Renewable Energy Production in the Visegrad Group Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-23, September.
    5. Karanfil, Fatih & Omgba, Luc Désiré, 2019. "Do the IMF’s structural adjustment programs help reduce energy consumption and carbon intensity? Evidence from developing countries," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 312-323.

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