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Like Father Like Son? Intergenerational Immobility in England, 1851–1911

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  • Zhu, Ziming

Abstract

This paper uses a new linked sample constructed from full-count census data of 1851–1911 to revise estimates of intergenerational occupational mobility in England. I find that conventional estimates of intergenerational elasticities are attenuated by classical measurement error and severely underestimate the extent of father-son association in socioeconomic status. Instrumenting one measure of the father’s outcome with a second measure of the father’s outcome raises the intergenerational elasticities (β) of occupational status from 0.4 to 0.6–0.7. Victorian England was therefore a society of limited social mobility. The long-run evolution and international comparisons of social mobility in England are discussed.

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  • Zhu, Ziming, 2024. "Like Father Like Son? Intergenerational Immobility in England, 1851–1911," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 84(4), pages 1143-1173, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jechis:v:84:y:2024:i:4:p:1143-1173_6
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