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The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820–1875

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  • Kindleberger, C. P.

Abstract

The textbook theory of tariffs, and their converse, the movement to freer trade, has more elements than we need for the nineteenth century, but also lacks some. In the usual comparative statics, a tariff may be said to have ten effects: on price, trade, production (the protective effect), consumption, revenue, terms of trade, internal income distribution, monopoly, employment and the balance of payments.

Suggested Citation

  • Kindleberger, C. P., 1975. "The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820–1875," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 35(1), pages 20-55, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jechis:v:35:y:1975:i:01:p:20-55_09
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Pravin Krishna & Devashish Mitra, 2016. "Reciprocated unilateralism in trade policy," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: The Political Economy of Trade Policy Theory, Evidence and Applications, chapter 3, pages 37-63, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    2. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/670 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/670 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Zissimos, Ben, 2017. "A theory of trade policy under dictatorship and democratization," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 85-101.
    5. Fremdling, Rainer, 1999. "Historical precedents of global markets," GGDC Research Memorandum 199943, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen.
    6. Takatsuka, Hajime & Zeng, Dao-Zhi, 2012. "Trade liberalization and welfare: Differentiated-good versus homogeneous-good markets," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 308-325.
    7. Flandreau, Marc & Accominotti, Olivier, 2005. "Does Bilateralism Promote Trade? Nineteenth Century Liberalization Revisited," CEPR Discussion Papers 5423, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    8. Pitruzzello, Salvatore, 2004. "Trade Globalization, Economic Performance, and Social Protection: Nineteenth-Century British Laissez-Faire and Post–World War II U.S.-Embedded Liberalism," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 58(4), pages 705-744, October.
    9. Kym Anderson & Gordon Rausser & Johan Swinnen, 2013. "Political Economy of Public Policies: Insights from Distortions to Agricultural and Food Markets," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 51(2), pages 423-477, June.
    10. Elise S. Brezis, 2022. "Why Was Keynes Opposed to Reparations and Carthaginian Peace?‎," Working Papers 2022-04, Bar-Ilan University, Department of Economics.
    11. Jonna M. Yarrington, 2018. "Sucre indigène and sucre colonial: Reconsidering the splitting of the French national sugar market, 1800–1860," Economic Anthropology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 5(1), pages 20-31, January.
    12. repec:dgr:rugggd:199943 is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Benjamin Zissimos, 2011. "Social Conflict and the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem," Vanderbilt University Department of Economics Working Papers 1109, Vanderbilt University Department of Economics.
    14. Coates, Daniel E. & Ludema, Rodney D., 2001. "A theory of trade policy leadership," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(1), pages 1-29, June.
    15. Christopher Bliss, 2003. "A Specific‐Factors Model with Historical Application," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(2), pages 268-278, May.
    16. Johan F. M. Swinnen, 2009. "The Growth of Agricultural Protection in Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(11), pages 1499-1537, November.
    17. Joost Veenstra & Herman de Jong, 2015. "A Tale of Two Tails: Plant Size Variation and Comparative Labor Productivity in U.S. and German Manufacturing in the Early 20th Century," CEH Discussion Papers 032, Centre for Economic History, Research School of Economics, Australian National University.
    18. Pawlak, Karolina, 2011. "The evolution of the agricultural protectionism and its measures," Problems of World Agriculture / Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, vol. 11(26), pages 1-10, September.
    19. Elise S. Brezis, 2020. "Trade Policy and National Identity: Why Keynes Was Opposed to Protectionist Policies?," Working Papers 2020-02, Bar-Ilan University, Department of Economics.
    20. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/670 is not listed on IDEAS
    21. Coates, Daniel E. & Ludema, Rodney D., 1995. "Unilateral tariff reduction as leadership in the political economy of trade negotiations," Discussion Papers, Series II 276, University of Konstanz, Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 178 "Internationalization of the Economy".
    22. Trofimov, Ivan D., 2017. "Political economy of trade protection and liberalization: in search of agency-based and holistic framework of policy change," MPRA Paper 79504, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    23. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/670 is not listed on IDEAS

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