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Examining Socio-Economic Inequality Among Commuters: The Case of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area

Author

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  • Adiwan Aritenang

    (Urban and Regional Planning, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)

Abstract

The rapid development of urban areas in surrounding regions has led to an increasing number of commuters within and between core-peripheral regions. However, variation in jobs and economic levels has exacerbated the socio-economic inequalities between metropolitan residents. Using the commuter data of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, this study examines the socio-economic disparities of commuting behaviour, spatial patterns, and health between commuters with incomes lower and higher than the regional minimum wage. The article conducts quantitative descriptive statistics and a non-parametric test using the BPS—Statistics Indonesia 2019 commuter data that included 13,000 sample respondents from the Jakarta Province and its neighbouring districts. Our result reveals a significant impact of income level on the choice of private transportation mode, whilst having no effect on the choice of public transportation modes. Higher-income peripheral residents tend to commute to the core metropolitan area (Jakarta Province), while lower-income commuters typically travel between peripheral areas. The article also indicates the negative physical health impact of prolonged and early-hours commuting, especially for lower-income groups. The article proposes better public transportation that is convenient, safe, and reliable, to ensure a sustainable and resilient metropolitan area.

Suggested Citation

  • Adiwan Aritenang, 2022. "Examining Socio-Economic Inequality Among Commuters: The Case of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 7(3), pages 172-184.
    • Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:172-184
    DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5271
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