Aux origines de l'envolée de l'inflation aux États-Unis

The chronology of the 2021-2022 inflationary shock is quite clear. What is less so, behind the multitude and confluence of sources, is the role played by supply and demand factors. A simple analysis of the contributions of the main items of the consumer price index to US inflation highlights the greater relative importance of core inflation compared to energy and food inflation, and thus suggests that US inflation is more demand-driven than supply-driven. Other more advanced studies, however, temper this view by highlighting the importance of supply factors as well, through the role played by the series of shocks to energy, raw goods, and commodity prices. It even appears that, without these supply factors, demand-side inflation would not have been as high. While, in early 2024, the process of disinflation is well under way, partly thanks to determined central bank action, there is still some way to go before inflation returns to the 2% target on a sustainable basis. Also, in the future, 2% could be more of a floor than a ceiling. JEL classification: E31, E60, E64.