De l'analyse des conflits à l'étude des systèmes conflictuels : l'exemple des conflits environnementaux et territoriaux dans les trois plus grands ports maritimes français (Marseille-Fos, Le Havre et Dunkerque)

Since the beginning of 2000s, the globalization, the growth of the sea traffic and technological evolutions force the big maritime ports to realize new equipment, which have to deal with requirements of competitiveness but also sustainable development. Harbour reforms are implemented, an environmental consciousness grows up in these spaces, as the participation of the population on the debates about equipment projects : this creates a context favorable to the expression of actor?s plurality, with divergent opinions and interests about the future of the ports. Industrial equipment and activities, already very dense, come up against other uses and territorial claims, creating a set of oppositions, interconnected and linking local and global issues. The aim of this paper is to highlight territorialized conflicting systems, through a comparative study of the environmental and territorial conflicts, on a decade, linked to three French big maritime ports (Dunkerque, Le Havre, Marseille-Fos). This study offers a frame of analysis of the objects of oppositions, protagonists and their strategies, in order to identify the recurrences and differences existing between the conflicts, to progress in modeling the antagonistic dynamics, and have a look on the management of the conflicts by port authorities.