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Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq

Author

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  • Muhammad Faruq Wahab

    (Food Science and Quality Control Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq)

  • Dara Muhamed Jamil

Abstract

Wheat flour is one of the most important sources of nutrients, and it is widely consumed worldwide as a raw ingredient in bread and other pastries. High heavy metal concentrations in the consumed wheat products could induce higher health risks. This study evaluated the heavy metal concentrations in the most available foreign and domestic wheat flour in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Iraq. The wheat flour samples were collected from different locations, and the heavy metal concentration was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mean values in wheat flour samples were roughly within the permissible limit set by Iraqi standard (IQS), GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) (GCC - Gulf Cooperation Council), Codex, and FAO/WHO. Heavy metals were detected in the descending order copper (Cu) > lead (Pb) > arsenic (As) > chromium (Cr) > nickel (Ni) > cadmium (Cd) > cobalt (Co). The results showed that wheat flour samples from the Sulaimani markets were slightly contaminated with Ni, and one domestic wheat flour sample with Pb was probably linked to fertiliser and soil contamination. It is concluded that wheat flour could be a source of chronic exposure to toxic heavy metals such as nickel and lead, resulting in adverse health issues later. Consequently, regular monitoring of soil contamination, water quality, and use of recommended levels of fertilisers and pesticides in the agricultural areas of Sulaimani are recommended.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Faruq Wahab & Dara Muhamed Jamil, 2023. "Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq," Czech Journal of Food Sciences, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 41(6), pages 455-461.
    • Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjf:v:41:y:2023:i:6:id:85-2023-cjfs
    DOI: 10.17221/85/2023-CJFS
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Martínez-Cortijo, J. & Ruiz-Canales, A., 2018. "Effect of heavy metals on rice irrigated fields with waste water in high pH Mediterranean soils: The particular case of the Valencia area in Spain," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 108-123.
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