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Major Challenges and Minor Responses: Some Reflections on East Asia and the West

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  • Weede Erich

    (Universität zu Köln)

Abstract

Il y a trois défis pour la sécurité de l'Ouest. Le premier est que l'Ouest, comparé à l'Asie de l'Est, est en déclin. Dans vingt-cinq ans, la taille économique de la Chine continentale pourrait être supérieure à la taille du marché américain ; celle de l'Inde et de l'Indonesie être supérieure à la taille économique de l'Allemagne ; celle de la Corée du Sud excéder l'Angleterre ou la France ou l'Italie. Le second est la prolifération d'un savoir à doubleemploi et le désastre économique de l'ex-Union Soviétique qui auront pour conséquence vraisemblable une prolifération du nucléaire. Le troisième concerne les changements de valeurs qui s'opèrent à l'Ouest et qui favorisent la formation de sociétés occidentales de moins en moins aptes à attaquer ou à se défendre. Mais la réduction du poids de l'Occident dans l'économie globale ne garantit plus que les efforts faciles l'emportent face aux défis du futur, qu'ils viennent des pouvoirs renforcés de l'Est asiatique ou des "desperados" islamiques. Ces défis ne seront vraisemblablement pas relevés au moyen de deux fausses prescriptions qui trouvent quelques faveurs en Europe Continentale. Premièrement, une grande partie de l'Europe de l'Ouest est lasse d'être confrontée à la "destruction créatrice" de ses emplois du fait de la concurrence de l'Asie de l'Est et désire ardemment le protectionnisme. Le remède protectionniste se bâtit sur un diagnostic grandement correct des problèmes occidentaux, mais il est tout de même dangereux si l'on met en perspective la morale, l'économie et la politique du pouvoir. Deuxièmement, certains Européens reconnaissent à juste titre que les grandes puissances historiques, comme la Grande- Bretagne ou la France ou l'Allemagne, n'ont plus une envergure suffisante pour être qualifiées de grandes puissances. Cependant, elles sousestiment la gravité et la vitesse du déclin de l'Occident. Une Europe définie par le noyau dur francoallemand deviendra trop étroite, avant même qu'elle ne soit établie dans cette structure. Vraisemblablement, même l'Union Européenne dans sa totalité sera trop petite avant qu'elle ne devienne une véritable communauté sur le plan sécuritaire (si jamais elle le devient). Au lieu de ces fausses prescriptions, cet article propose trois réponses aux dilemmes de l'Occident, ou encore trois façons de gérer le déclin de l'Occident. Premièrement, seule la coopération atlantique promet d'être une réponse efficace au dynamisme de l'Asie de l'Est et au déclin de l'Ouest. De plus, la coopération entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Europe de l'Ouest a besoin d'être complétée par un nouvel engagement à l'égard d'une économie globale ouverte et d'une disposition à s'ajuster aux défis de celle-ci, afin de coopter l'Est asiatique dans une sphère globale de coprospérité. Cela doit vraisemblablement engendrer quelques coupes radicales dans l'Etat-providence. Deuxièmement, la prolifération nucléaire exige aussi une réponse. Il est concevable que la stratégie de défense contre la Chine soit encore plus difficile dans une vingtaine d'années qu'elle le fut contre l'Union Soviétique dans les années 1980. Mais cela ne devrait pas être une excuse pour ne pas construire des missiles de défense en réponse à ceux de l'Iran, de l'Irak, de la Lybie ou de l'Algerie. Troisièmement, les changements des valeurs en Occident semblent plus difficiles à traiter, mais ils renforcent la nécessité d'investir dans la coopération occidentale (ou atlantique) plutôt qu'uniquement européenne, la nécessité de coopter l'Asie de l'Est plutôt que de plonger dans une autre guerre froide, et la nécessité de contenir l'Etat-providence plutôt que de le développer. There are three challenges to Western security. First, compared to East Asia the West is in decline. In another twenty-five years, the economic size of Mainland China may exceed the size of the American market, India and Indonesia may exceed Germany, South Korea may exceed Britain or France or Italy. Second, the proliferation of dual use knowledge and the economic disaster in the former Soviet Union are likely to result in some nuclear proliferation. Third, value changes within the West will make Western societies ever less capable of deterrence and defense. But the reduced weight of the West in the global economy no longer guarantees that leisurely efforts succeed in meeting future challengers, whether from East Asian great powers or Islamic desperados. These challenges are unlikely to be met by two false prescriptions which enjoy some appeal in Continental Europe. First, much of Western Europe gets tired of observing the "creative destruction" of its jobs by East Asian competitors and longs for protectionism. The protectionist cure is built on a largely correct diagnosis of some Western problems, but nevertheless dangerous from an economic, moral, and power politics perspective. Second, some Europeans rightly recognize that historical great powers, like Britain or France or Germany, are no longer large enough to be great powers. But they underestimate the severity and speed of the decline of the West. A Franco- German core Europe will become too small, even before it is established. Conceivably, even the entire European Union will be too small before (or: if ever) it becomes an effective security community. Instead of these false prescriptions this paper advocates three responses to Western dilemmas, or three modes of managing Western decline. First, only Atlantic cooperation promises to be an effective response to East Asian dynamism and Western decline. Moreover, cooperation between North America and Western Europe needs to be complemented with a renewed commitment to an open global economy and a readiness to adjust to its challenges, in order to coopt East Asia into a global co-prosperity sphere. This is likely to necessitate some radical cuts in the welfare state. Second, nuclear proliferation also needs some response. Conceivably, strategic defense is as difficult against China twenty years from now, as it was against the Soviet Union in the 1980s. But this should be no excuse for not building a missile and air defense against the likes of Iran, Iraq, Lybia, or Algeria. Third, the value changes within the West seem least tractable, but they reinforce the necessity of investing in Western (or, Atlantic) rather than merely European cooperation, the necessity of coopting East Asia rather than stumbling into another Cold War, and the necessity for containing the welfare state rather than expanding it.

Suggested Citation

  • Weede Erich, 1995. "Major Challenges and Minor Responses: Some Reflections on East Asia and the West," Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines, De Gruyter, vol. 6(4), pages 1-17, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bpj:jeehcn:v:6:y:1995:i:4:n:7
    DOI: 10.2202/1145-6396.1214
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