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Financial Inclusion, Financial Depth, and Macroeconomic Fluctuations

Author

Listed:
  • Tufail Saira

    (Department of Economics, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan)

  • Aljarallah Ruba

    (The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait, Kuwait)

  • Munir Madiha

    (Department of Economics, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan)

  • Alvi Shahzad

    (School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia)

  • Ul Hassan Mehboob

    (Islamic Banking Center, Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 7115, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

The study bridges the gap between growth and business cycle literature by addressing two critical issues related to the connection between financial development (FD) and macroeconomic fluctuations (MF). First, it explores strategies for achieving FD in an emerging economy. Second, it examines the extent to which FD can occur while maintaining system stability. To address the first problem, the research evaluates the impact of two main components of FD, financial inclusion and financial depth, on fluctuation, while the second issue examines the impact of different degrees of financial inclusion and depth on macroeconomic volatility. The analysis is extended to consider the influence of demand and supply-side drivers of FD on MF. By introducing theoretical underpinnings of financial depth and access in a large-scale new Keynesian model, the study indicated that the financial sector with low depth and access intensifies fluctuations caused by all shocks, whether real, nominal, or financial. The study also found that for macroeconomic stability in the face of diverse shocks, a medium to high level of depth with a moderate degree of inclusion is essential. Furthermore, it is encouraged to reach a greater degree of FD using supply-side drivers rather than demand-side variables.

Suggested Citation

  • Tufail Saira & Aljarallah Ruba & Munir Madiha & Alvi Shahzad & Ul Hassan Mehboob, 2025. "Financial Inclusion, Financial Depth, and Macroeconomic Fluctuations," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 19(1), pages 1-23.
    • Handle: RePEc:bpj:econoa:v:19:y:2025:i:1:p:23:n:1001
    DOI: 10.1515/econ-2025-0135
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    financial depth; financial access; leverage ratio; loan-to-income ratio; loan-to-value ratio; macroeconomic fluctuations; DSGE;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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