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Citizenship Lessons from the Past: The Contours of Immigrant Naturalization in the Early 20th Century

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  • Irene Bloemraad

Abstract

Objectives. What were the determinants and patterns of naturalization in the first two decades of the 20th century? Low levels of citizenship acquisition among contemporary immigrants are frequently contrasted to the assumed rapid naturalization of prior European migrants, but in truth we know little about the earlier period. Historic data are well suited to investigate four explanations for naturalization: individuals' resources and skills; regulatory and bureaucratic barriers to citizenship; relative costs and benefits of citizenship; and the degree of political mobilization directed to immigrants. Methods. I use U.S. Census microfile data to run logistic regression models, and documentary material to examine the contours of immigrant naturalization in the early 20th century. Results. I find that while individual attributes matter, place of residence could be even more important; in 1900, where an immigrant lived influenced naturalization more than birthplace, ability to speak English, or literacy. Residence effects seem linked to a state's relative openness to immigration and local political mobilization. Over time, however, residence effects attenuate as the 1906 Naturalization Act and establishment of a federal naturalization bureaucracy appear to make citizenship patterns more uniform across the country. Conclusions. These findings suggest that historic and contemporary explanations of immigrants' naturalization should focus as much on the context of reception as the presumed quality of immigrants.

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  • Irene Bloemraad, 2006. "Citizenship Lessons from the Past: The Contours of Immigrant Naturalization in the Early 20th Century," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 87(5), pages 927-953, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:socsci:v:87:y:2006:i:5:p:927-953
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00409.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Fernando Riosmena, 2010. "Policy Shocks: On the Legal Auspices of Latin American Migration to the United States," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 630(1), pages 270-293, July.
    2. Melanie Kolbe, 2016. "Does Cultural Recognition Obstruct Immigrant Integration? Evidence From Two Historic Case Studies," International Migration Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(2), pages 413-444, June.
    3. Catron, Peter, 2017. "The Citizenship Advantage: Immigrant Socioeconomic Attainment across Generations in the First Half of the Twentieth Century," SocArXiv c7k45, Center for Open Science.

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