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Leviathan Awakens: Gas Finds, Energy Governance, and the Emergence of the Eastern Mediterranean as a Geopolitical Region

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  • Andreas C. Goldthau
  • Joern Richert
  • Stephan Stetter

Abstract

This article explores the role of energy in regionalization processes, assessing the case of natural gas finds in the Eastern Mediterranean (East Med). It makes three observations. First, we show that energy resources are a defining factor in shaping a region by rearranging the interactions and networks of actors involved in regionalization processes. Second, we demonstrate that such “energization” processes are not only—and not even primarily—attributable to security practices pursued by state actors. Regionalization underpinned by energy as the key governance object is characterized by a variety of actors, including governments, but also international energy companies, investors, consumers, and regulators. Third, we posit that regionalization processes cannot be fully understood without appreciating the importance of existing global and regional governance frameworks and the values ascribed to the physical resource by international market forces. The findings call on International Relations to go beyond analyzing the East Med energy region through the prism of security studies, which arguably is a function of both theoretical path dependence and a lack of attention to the insights from energy studies. Instead, a multidisciplinary research agenda promises to strengthen academic inquiry into regionalization dynamics in the East Med and the role of regions in world politics more broadly. 本文探究了能源在区域化进程中发挥的作用,评估在东地中海(East Med)发现的天然气案例。本文得出三个研究发现。第一,我们表明,能源资源通过重新安排区域化进程中行动者之间的相互影响和行动者网络,因此是影响一个地区的决定性因素。第二,我们证明,这种“能源化”进程不仅归因于、甚至不主要归因于国家行动者执行的安全实践。作为关键治理对象、由能源支撑的区域化的特征由一系列行动者组成,包括政府,以及国际能源公司、投资者、消费者、监管者。第三,我们假设,如果不理解现有全球及地区治理框架、以及由国际市场力量赋予物理资源价值的重要性,则无法完全理解区域化进程。研究发现呼吁“国际关系”(International Relations)不局限于透过安全研究视角分析东地中海能源区域,这一视角毫无疑问会根据理论路径依赖与缺乏关注能源研究见解二者的变化而变化。相反,多学科研究议程承诺加强对东地中海区域化动态、以及从更广的范围对区域在全球政治中发挥的作用进行学术探究。 Este artículo explora el papel de la energía en los procesos de regionalización, evaluando el caso de los hallazgos de gas natural en el Mediterráneo Oriental (East Med). Hace tres observaciones. Primero, mostramos que los recursos energéticos son un factor definitorio en la configuración de una región al reorganizar las interacciones y redes de actores involucrados en los procesos de regionalización. En segundo lugar, demostramos que tales procesos de “energización” no son solo, y ni siquiera principalmente, atribuibles a las prácticas de seguridad aplicadas por los actores estatales. La regionalización apuntalada por la energía como el objeto clave de gobernanza se caracteriza por una variedad de actores, incluidos los gobiernos, pero también compañías internacionales de energía, inversores, consumidores y reguladores. Tercero, postulamos que los procesos de regionalización no pueden entenderse completamente sin apreciar la importancia de los marcos de gobernanza existentes a nivel mundial y regional y los valores atribuidos al recurso físico por las fuerzas del mercado internacional. Los hallazgos exigen que las Relaciones Internacionales vayan más allá del análisis de la región energética de East Med a través del prisma de los estudios de seguridad, lo cual podría decirse que es una función tanto de la dependencia de la ruta teórica como de la falta de atención a las ideas de los estudios de energía. En cambio, una agenda de investigación multidisciplinaria promete fortalecer la investigación académica sobre la dinámica de regionalización en el Oriente Medio y el papel de las regiones en la política mundial en general.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreas C. Goldthau & Joern Richert & Stephan Stetter, 2024. "Leviathan Awakens: Gas Finds, Energy Governance, and the Emergence of the Eastern Mediterranean as a Geopolitical Region," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 41(2), pages 310-328, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:41:y:2024:i:2:p:310-328
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12387
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Francis McGowan, 2011. "The UK and EU Energy Policy: From Awkward Partner to Active Protagonist?," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Vicki L. Birchfield & John S. Duffield (ed.), Toward a Common European Union Energy Policy, chapter 0, pages 187-213, Palgrave Macmillan.
    5. Morgan Bazilian & Michael Bradshaw & Johannes Gabriel & Andreas Goldthau & Kirsten Westphal, 2020. "Four scenarios of the energy transition: Drivers, consequences, and implications for geopolitics," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(2), March.
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    1. Kathleen J. Hancock, 2024. "Introduction to the Special Issue on energy regionalism," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 41(2), pages 282-289, March.

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