Author
Listed:
- Donley T. Studlar
- Alessandro Cagossi
Abstract
This article investigates whether different political institutions such as executives, legislatures, parties, party systems, judiciaries, decentralization, constitutionalism, and referendums across 24 Western democracies are venues for debate across five individual morality policies. Using data since 1945, the article compares three theories of morality policy—(1) Policy Type leading to different institutional venues; (2) Two Worlds of religious/secular party systems; and (3) U.S./European exceptionalism. In order, the most frequently debated issues are abortion, same sex marriage, euthanasia, stem cells/assisted reproductive technology (ART), and capital punishment. There is considerable variation in the institutions and country groups that debate them although fewer differences in the Two Worlds model. Abortion, euthanasia, and same sex marriage are the most convergent issues across institutions, party systems, and country groupings while capital punishment and stem cells/ART show the most diverse patterns of deliberation. The general Policy Type model of morality policy is upheld, but varies institutionally by specific issues. The Two Worlds model is of some importance, but only on three issues. There also are regional differences between the United States, Europe, and non†European democracies.西方民主国家ä¸çš„åˆ¶åº¦å’Œé “å¾·æ”¿ç– æœ¬æ–‡è°ƒæŸ¥äº†24ä¸ªè¥¿æ–¹æ°‘ä¸»å›½å®¶çš„ä¸ å Œæ”¿æ²»æœºæž„/体制(political institutionsï¼‰æ˜¯å ¦èƒ½ä½œä¸º5ä¸ªé “å¾·æ”¿ç–(morality policiesï¼‰çš„è¾©è®ºèˆžå °ã€‚è¿™äº›æ”¿æ²»æœºæž„/ä½“åˆ¶åŒ…æ‹¬è¡Œæ”¿éƒ¨é—¨ã€ è®®ä¼šã€ å…šæ´¾ã€ æ”¿å…šä½“ç³»ã€ å ¸æ³•éƒ¨ã€ æ”¿æ²»åˆ†æ ƒï¼ˆdecentralization)〠宪政和公民投票。通过使用1945å¹´ä»¥æ ¥çš„æ•°æ ®, æœ¬æ–‡æ¯”è¾ƒäº†æœ‰å…³é “å¾·æ”¿ç–çš„ä¸‰ç§ ç †è®º — (1)政ç–类型(Policy Type), è¯¥ç †è®ºé€šå¾€ä¸ å Œåˆ¶åº¦èˆžå °ï¼›ï¼ˆ2ï¼‰é “å¾·æ”¿æ²»çš„ä¸¤ä¸ªä¸–ç•Œï¼ˆTwo Worlds), å ³å®—æ•™å…šæ´¾ç³»ç»Ÿå’Œä¸–ä¿—å…šæ´¾ç³»ç»Ÿï¼›ï¼ˆ3)美国/æ¬§æ´²ä¾‹å¤–è®ºã€‚æŒ‰ç…§æŽ’åˆ—é¡ºåº , æœ€é¢‘ç¹ å‡ºçŽ°çš„è¾©è®ºé—®é¢˜ä¾ æ¬¡æ˜¯å •èƒŽã€ å Œæ€§å©šå§»ã€ å®‰ä¹ æ»ã€ 干细胞/辅助生殖技术(assisted reproductive technology, ART)和æ»åˆ‘ã€‚å ‚ä¸Žè¾©è®ºçš„ä¸ å Œæ”¿æ²»æœºæž„å’Œå›½å®¶é›†å›¢å˜åœ¨æ˜¾è‘—差异, å°½ç®¡åœ¨ç¬¬äºŒç§ ç †è®ºæ¨¡å¼ ä¸‹å·®å¼‚ä¹‹å¤„è¾ƒå°‘ã€‚å •èƒŽã€ å®‰ä¹ æ»å’Œå Œæ€§å©šå§»æ˜¯ä¸ å Œæœºæž„ã€ æ”¿å…šä½“ç³»å’Œå›½å®¶é›†å›¢é—´æœ€è¶‹å Œçš„é—®é¢˜, 而æ»åˆ‘和干细胞/ARTåˆ™æ˜¯æœ€å¤šæ ·åŒ–çš„å®¡è®®æ¨¡å¼ ã€‚ç¬¬ä¸€ç§ ç †è®ºæ¨¡å¼ æ˜¯å —åˆ°æ”¯æŒ çš„, 但在特定问题上å˜åœ¨åˆ¶åº¦æ€§çš„å ˜åŒ–ã€‚ç¬¬äºŒç§ ç †è®ºæ¨¡å¼ å…·æœ‰ä¸€å®šçš„é‡ è¦ æ€§, ä½†å…¶é‡ è¦ æ€§ä»…ä½“çŽ°åœ¨ä¸‰ä¸ªé—®é¢˜ä¸Šã€‚ç¾Žå›½ã€ æ¬§æ´²å’Œé žæ¬§æ´²æ°‘ä¸»å›½å®¶é—´ä¹Ÿå˜åœ¨åŒºåŸŸå·®å¼‚。PolÃtica de instituciones y moralidad en las democracias occidentales Este artÃculo investiga si las diferentes instituciones polÃticas como la rama ejecutiva, la legislativa, los partidos, los sistemas de partidos, la rama judicial, la descentralización, el constitucionalismo y los referéndums en 24 democracias occidentales son escenarios para el debate en 5 diferentes polÃticas individuales de moralidad. Utilizando datos desde 1945, el artÃculo compara tres teorÃas de la polÃtica de la moralidad—(1) Tipo de PolÃtica que lleva a diferentes escenarios institucionales; (2) Dos Mundos de sistemas seculares/religiosos; y (3) Excepcionalismo entre EE. UU. y Europa. En orden, los temas más frecuentemente debatidos son el aborto, el matrimonio del mismo sexo, la eutanasia, las células madre/ tecnologÃa de reproducción asistida (ART), y la pena de muerte. Hay una variedad considerable en las instituciones y los grupos de paÃses que debaten estos temas, aunque hay menos diferencias en el modelo de los Dos Mundos. El aborto, la eutanasia y el matrimonio del mismo sexo son los temas más convergentes en las diferentes instituciones, sistemas de partidos y grupos de paÃses mientras que la pena de muerte y las células madre/ART muestran los patrones más diversos de deliberación. El modelo de tipo de polÃtica general se mantiene, pero varÃa institucionalmente según los temas especÃficos. El modelo de Dos Mundos tiene algo de importancia, pero solo en tres temas. También hay diferencias regionales entre los Estados Unidos, Europa y las democracias no europeas.
Suggested Citation
Donley T. Studlar & Alessandro Cagossi, 2018.
"Institutions and Morality Policy in Western Democracies,"
Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 35(1), pages 61-88, January.
Handle:
RePEc:bla:revpol:v:35:y:2018:i:1:p:61-88
DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12253
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