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Price effects of spatial competition in retail fuel markets: the impact of a new rival nearby

Author

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  • Leonardo C. B. Cardoso
  • Carlos Frederico A. Uchôa
  • Williams Huamani
  • David R. Just
  • Raúl V. Gomez

Abstract

Our main goal in this paper is to understand the fuel market's spatial price competition. While most of the literature uses the density of gas stations and proximity to rivals as proxies for spatial competition, we measured the marginal increase in spatial competition by the entrance of a new rival nearby. The empirical results indicate that a new firm's entrance reduces prices, and the reduction is more significant the closer the new rival is. A new rival less than 100 meters away is related to a reduction of 2.6% on the typical incumbent firm price. When the new rival is located farther than 250 meters, the incumbent response is lower than 1%. For even greater distances, the effects were significant only when incumbents are unbranded. The extent of spatial competition matters for the outcome; while firms that already faced intense spatial competition are not impacted by having an entrant seller nearby, those facing low spatial competition had a significant price reduction. The pattern, entry of rivals closer matters more, remains when investigating the gasoline price, the ethanol price, and the gasoline wholesale‐retail margins in Brazil. El objetivo principal de este artículo es la comprensión de la competencia espacial de precios en el mercado de los combustibles. Mientras que la mayoría de la literatura utiliza la densidad de las estaciones de servicio de combustibles y la proximidad a sus rivales como indicadores de la competencia espacial, este estudio midió el aumento marginal de la competencia espacial mediante la presencia de un nuevo competidor en las cercanías. Los resultados empíricos indican que la presencia de una nueva empresa reduce los precios y que la reducción es más significativa cuanto más cerca está el nuevo competidor. Un nuevo competidor a menos de 100 metros de distancia está relacionado con una reducción del 2,6% sobre el precio típico de la empresa que ya estaba establecida. Cuando el nuevo competidor está situado a más de 250 metros, la respuesta de la empresa establecida es inferior al 1%. Para distancias aún mayores, los efectos solo fueron significativos cuando la empresa establecida no estaba afiliada a ninguna marca comercial. El grado de competencia espacial es importante para el resultado: mientras que las empresas que ya se enfrentaban a una intensa competencia espacial no se ven afectadas por la aparición de un nuevo vendedor en sus cercanías, las que se enfrentaban a una baja competencia espacial experimentaron una importante reducción de precios. El patrón donde la aparición de competidores cercanos importa se mantiene al investigar el precio de la gasolina, el precio del etanol y los márgenes de la gasolina al por mayor y al por menor en Brasil. 本稿の目的は、燃料市場における価格の空間的競争を理解することである。ほとんどの研究では、ガソリンスタンドの密度と競合者への近接性を空間的競争の代理として用いているが、本稿では、近くに新しい競合者が参入することによる空間的競争における僅かな増加率を測定した。検証の結果から、新規企業の参入が価格を低下させ、その低下は新規の競合者が近いほど顕著であることが示された。100メートル以内に新規の競合者が現れることは、既存企業の通常の価格が2.6%下がることに関連する。新たな競合者が250メートル以上離れていれば、既存企業の価格は1%未満下がる。さらに距離がある場合は、ノーブランド企業が既存企業である場合にのみ、有意な影響が認められる。空間的競争の程度は、結果を大きく左右する。例えば、すでに激しい空間的競争に直面している企業が、新規参入者が近くに現れても影響を受けることはないが、空間的競争度が低い状況にある企業は大幅な値下げを強いられる。ブラジルのガソリン価格、エタノール価格、ガソリンの卸売・小売マージンの調査において、新規参入の競合者が近いほど影響が大きくなるというパターンは以前から変わらぬままである。

Suggested Citation

  • Leonardo C. B. Cardoso & Carlos Frederico A. Uchôa & Williams Huamani & David R. Just & Raúl V. Gomez, 2022. "Price effects of spatial competition in retail fuel markets: the impact of a new rival nearby," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 101(1), pages 81-105, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:presci:v:101:y:2022:i:1:p:81-105
    DOI: 10.1111/pirs.12645
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