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The Structure Of The Military‐Industrial Complex In The United States And Its Impact On Industrial Concentration

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  • Christian Marfels*

Abstract

It comes perhaps as no surprise that approximately 70% of all outlays for military procurement in the United States were accounted for by the 100 largest military contractors in each year during 1965–1974. This clear dominance can be primarily explained by the non‐market character of the defense market where the bulk of contracts is negotiated rather than competitive in terms of sealed bids. Long‐term procurement contracts as a steady and secure source of income may also serve as an incentive for conglomerates to acquire defense contractors in order to enter the defense market via toehold acquisitions. The penetration of the so‐called ‘new conglomerates’ during the 1960s into the defense market is a case in point. It can be safely assumed that the procurement incentive was the prime motivation in the merger decision among these pure‐conglomerate mergers. Furthermore, the majority of mergers benefited greatly from a generous implicit grant for mergers, viz. the provision of a tax‐free reorganization according to Sec. 368 IRC. Es ist wahrscheinlich nicht verwunderlich, dass die 100 grössten Rüstungsunternehmen in den USA ca. 70% aller Ausgaben für militärische Beschaffung im Zeitraum 1965–1974 auf rich vereinigten. Diese Marktbeherrschung kann im wesentlichen durch den nicht wettbewerbsgemässen Charakter des Rüstungsmarktes erklärt werden, wo die Mehrzahl der Beschaffungsverträge nicht im Ausschreibungsverfahren, sondern durch Verhandlungen abgewickelt werden. Die zumeist langfristigen militärischen Beschaffungsverträge als stetige and sichere Ertragsquelle dienen auch als Anreiz für mächtige konglomerate Unternehmen, in den Rüstungsmarkt durch Unternehmensaufkäufe einzudringen; das Beispiel der sogenannten ‘Neuen Konglomerate’ verdeutlicht diese Tendenz. Es kann mit Sicherheit vermutet werden, dass das Beschaffungskriterium bei den reinkonglomeraten Unternehmensaufkäufen als Hauptmotiv für den Aufkauf stand. Des weiteren konnte die Mehrzahl der Unternehmenszusammenschlüsse und ‐aufkäufe von einer indirekten Steuerhilfe des amerikanischen Einkommensteuergesetzes profitieren, nämlich der Bestimmung der steuerfreien Unternehmensreorganisation gemäss 368 IRC. Iln'est pas surprenant que les 100 principaux fournisseurs militaires aux Etats‐Unis aient été responsables d'environ 70% de toutes les acquisitions militaires, pendant les années 1965–1974. Cette dominance évidente peut être expliquée par le charactcre non compétitif du marché d'armement où la plupart des contrats sont faits par négociations plutôt que par appels d'offres. En donnant une source de revenus permanente, les contrats militaires à long terme peuvent aussi inciter les conglomérats à. pénétrer dans le marché d'armement par l'achat d'entreprises militaires; par exemple les ‘nouveaux conglomérats’ en 1960–1970 font preuve d'une telle tendance. On peut assumer définitivement que le critère d'acquisition parmi les fusions des conglomérats purs était la motivation principals de leur fusion. En plus, la majorité des fusions a profité des subventions indirectes, par la possibilité de réorganisation non taxée, comme spécifié Sec. 368 IRC.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Marfels*, 1978. "The Structure Of The Military‐Industrial Complex In The United States And Its Impact On Industrial Concentration," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(3), pages 409-423, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:31:y:1978:i:3:p:409-423
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00649.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Lynne M. Pepall & Daniel M. Shapiro, 1989. "The Military-Industrial Complex in Canada," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 15(3), pages 265-284, September.

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