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The role of cognitive biases in conspiracy beliefs: A literature review

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  • Lorenzo Gagliardi

Abstract

In recent years, several studies have found that conspiracy believers tend to be more susceptible to cognitive biases (e.g., conjunction fallacy, proportionality bias, agency detection bias, etc.). The aim of this work is to review such literature, systematizing these concepts in a unifying framework of conspiracy mentality as a set of biased cognitive processes, which categorizes cognitive biases in two classes: those that contribute to belief formation and those that contribute to belief updating. Drawing on several empirical results, this paper summarizes the role of cognitive biases in conspiratorial thinking, offering some insights for future research and raising questions about the possible weaknesses of this approach.

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  • Lorenzo Gagliardi, 2025. "The role of cognitive biases in conspiracy beliefs: A literature review," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(1), pages 32-65, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jecsur:v:39:y:2025:i:1:p:32-65
    DOI: 10.1111/joes.12604
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