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The Direct Material Inputs into Singapore's Development

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  • Niels B. Schulz

Abstract

Because human population and socioeconomic activity are both increasingly concentrated in cities, an improved understanding of the environmental consequences of urbanization is needed. A 41‐year annual time series of direct material flows was compiled for Singapore, representing a case of fast, export‐driven industrialization. Results show that the spectacular economic growth of Singapore by a factor of 20 was associated with a similar expansion of domestic material consumption (DMC). DMC remained closely coupled to economic activity, increasing from below 4 tonnes per capita annually in 1962 to more than 50 tonnes annually in 2000. Despite economic structural changes and a growing service sector, no significant improvements in overall material productivity have been observed.

Suggested Citation

  • Niels B. Schulz, 2007. "The Direct Material Inputs into Singapore's Development," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 11(2), pages 117-131, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:inecol:v:11:y:2007:i:2:p:117-131
    DOI: 10.1162/jie.2007.1200
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    Cited by:

    1. Kovanda, Jan & Weinzettel, Jan & Hak, Tomas, 2009. "Analysis of regional material flows: The case of the Czech Republic," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 53(5), pages 243-254.
    2. Tan, Ling Min & Arbabi, Hadi & Brockway, Paul E. & Densley Tingley, Danielle & Mayfield, Martin, 2019. "An ecological-thermodynamic approach to urban metabolism: Measuring resource utilization with open system network effectiveness analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).

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