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Tourism from Above and Below: Globalization, Localization and New Orleans's Mardi Gras

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  • KEVIN FOX GOTHAM

Abstract

Scholars currently debate whether tourism is a force of standardization that eradicates local cultures and traditions or whether tourism is a force of heterogeneity that enhances place distinctiveness. This article uses a case study of the Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans to explain the connections between global forces and local actions in the development of urban tourism. I argue that the globalization and localization of Mardi Gras are occurring simultaneously with the result being a mix of homogenizing and particularizing influences in New Orleans. I develop this argument by distinguishing between ‘tourism from above’ and ‘tourism from below’, a distinction that helps to explain how tourism can help undermine as well as promote local differences. ‘Tourism from above’ refers to the global level forces of commodification, standardization and rationalization that affect all cities. ‘Tourism from below’ refers to the ways in which local groups and individuals resist the homogenizing effects of globalized tourism and use tourism to anchor Mardi Gras in place and create new carnival traditions. Analysis of global‐local connections in tourism provides an important opportunity for theoretical development and offers a unique perspective for understanding tourism as a process of globalization and localization. Les intellectuels s’interrogent actuellement sur le fait que le tourisme soit ou non une force de normalisation capable d’éliminer cultures et traditions locales, ou une force d’hétérogénéité qui renforce le caractère distinctif des lieux. Utilisant une étude de cas sur la célébration de Mardi gras à la Nouvelle‐Orléans, l’article explique les relations entre forces mondiales et actions locales dans le développement du tourisme urbain: mondialisation et localisation de cette fête se produisent simultanément, se traduisant dans la ville par une combinaison d’influences homogénéisantes et singularisantes. La démonstration établit ensuite une distinction entre ‘tourisme par le haut’ et ‘tourisme par le bas’ qui permet d’éclaircir comment l’activité peut contribuer tant à atténuer qu’à favoriser les différences locales. Le ‘tourisme par le haut’ s’applique aux forces mondiales de banalisation, normalisation et rationalisation qui touchent toutes les grandes villes. Le ‘tourisme par le bas’ portent sur les moyens qu’appliquent groupes et individus locaux dans le but de résister aux effets homogénéisateurs du tourisme mondialisé et de se servir de cette activité pour ancrer Mardi gras dans le lieu et créer de nouvelles traditions carnavalesques. L’analyse des relations entre les plans mondial et local dans le domaine du tourisme offre une possibilité intéressante de théorisation et une perspective unique d’appréhension du tourisme comme processus de mondialisation et localisation.

Suggested Citation

  • Kevin Fox Gotham, 2005. "Tourism from Above and Below: Globalization, Localization and New Orleans's Mardi Gras," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 309-326, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:29:y:2005:i:2:p:309-326
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00586.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Cole, Sam, 2007. "The Regional Science of Tourism: An Overview," Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Mid-Continent Regional Science Association, vol. 37(3), pages 1-10.
    2. Yuko Aoyama, 2009. "Artists, Tourists, and the State: Cultural Tourism and the Flamenco Industry in Andalusia, Spain," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(1), pages 80-104, March.
    3. Tuzin Baycan Levent & Seda Kundak & Aliye Ahu Gulumser, 2006. "Eurocities and Their "Sisters": How Are They Close to Each Other?," ERSA conference papers ersa06p77, European Regional Science Association.
    4. Albert S. Fu & Martin J. Murray, 2014. "Glorified Fantasies and Masterpieces of Deception on Importing Las Vegas into the ‘New South Africa’," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(3), pages 843-863, May.
    5. Aliye Ahu Gulumser & Tuzin Baycan-Levent & Peter Nijkamp, 2009. "Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder: a logistic regression analysis of sustainability and locality as competitive vehicles for human settlements," International Journal of Sustainable Development, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 12(1), pages 95-110.
    6. Erik Jönsson, 2016. "Trump in Scotland: A Study of Power-Topologies and Golf Topographies," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3), pages 559-577, May.
    7. Yoonku Kwon & Jihyun Kim & Jiyoung Kim & Chan Park, 2021. "Mitigating the Impact of Touristification on the Psychological Carrying Capacity of Residents," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-16, March.
    8. Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris & Konstantina Soureli, 2012. "Cultural Tourism as an Economic Development Strategy for Ethnic Neighborhoods," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 26(1), pages 50-72, February.
    9. Adina Letiţia Negruşa & Valentin Toader & Rozalia Veronica Rus & Smaranda Adina Cosma, 2016. "Study of Perceptions on Cultural Events’ Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-17, December.
    10. Xiaobo Su, 2015. "Urban entrepreneurialism and the commodification of heritage in China," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 52(15), pages 2874-2889, November.

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