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Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam

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  • Hans Pruijt

Abstract

In this article the opportunity structures of New York City and Amsterdam for organized squatting are compared. New York City knew two distinct squatting waves, with an intermission of several years. The literature on US urban movements predicts transformation through cooptation and repression. Only the first wave, in which housing activists used squatting as a tactic, fits this prediction. The second wave of squatting in New York City, and squatting in Amsterdam in general, escaped cooptation because they involved a squatters' movement proper, in which squatting was not only a tactic but also central to its existence. Compared to Amsterdam, squatting in New York was hampered by technical difficulties and political isolation. Stricter protection of private property made New York squatters restrict themselves to publicly‐owned abandoned buildings. Turf conflicts tended to develop on the neighbourhood level when these buildings were later claimed for the development of low‐income housing. In Amsterdam this type of conflict was rare because of the broad support for low‐income (re)development. Instead, Amsterdam saw citywide protest directed at the real estate sector and municipal authorities. Cet article compare la structure des opportunités des villes de New York et Amsterdam concernant les squats organisés. New York a connu deux vagues de squattage séparées de plusieurs années. Les textes sur les mouvements urbains aux Etats‐Unis prévoient une mutation par cooptation et répression. Seule la première vague, pour laquelle les militants en faveur du logement ont utilisé le squattage comme tactique, répond à cette prédiction. La seconde vague d'opérations à New York, et celles d'Amsterdam en général, ont échappéà la cooptation, car il s'agissait de mouvements de squatters à proprement parler, où le squat n'était pas seulement une tactique mais surtout un fondement de leur existence. Comparéà Amsterdam, le squattage à New York s'est heurtéà des problèmes techniques et à un isolement politique. La protection plus stricte de la propriété privée a forcé les squatters new‐yorkais à se limiter aux bâtiments publics abandonnés. Des luttes de territoires ont eu tendance à se développer entre voisins lorsque ces bâtiments ont ensuite été réclamés pour aménager des logements à faible loyer. A Amsterdam, rare fut ce genre de conflit grâce au vaste soutien favorable au (ré)aménagement social; au contraire, une protestation générale s'est élevée à l'encontre du secteur immobilier et des autorités municipales.

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  • Hans Pruijt, 2003. "Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(1), pages 133-157, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:27:y:2003:i:1:p:133-157
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00436
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    1. Dryzek, John S., 1996. "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 90(3), pages 475-487, September.
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    2. Miguel Martínez, 2011. "The Citizen Participation of Urban Movements in Spatial Planning: A Comparison between Vigo and Porto," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1), pages 147-171, January.
    3. Lila Leontidou, 2010. "Urban Social Movements in ‘Weak’ Civil Societies: The Right to the City and Cosmopolitan Activism in Southern Europe," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 47(6), pages 1179-1203, May.
    4. Esin Özdemir & Ayda Eraydin, 2017. "Fragmentation in Urban Movements: The Role of Urban Planning Processes," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(5), pages 727-748, September.
    5. Lauren Andres, 2013. "Differential Spaces, Power Hierarchy and Collaborative Planning: A Critique of the Role of Temporary Uses in Shaping and Making Places," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 50(4), pages 759-775, March.
    6. Esin Özdemir & Tuna Tasan-Kok, 2019. "Planners’ role in accommodating citizen disagreement: The case of Dutch urban planning," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 56(4), pages 741-759, March.
    7. M. L. Roark & L. Fox O’Mahony, 2023. "Real Property Transactions in the Network Society: Platform Real Estate, Housing Hactivism, and the Re-scaling of Public and Private Power," Journal of Consumer Policy, Springer, vol. 46(4), pages 445-463, December.
    8. Miguel A. Martínez, 2014. "How Do Squatters Deal with the State? Legalization and Anomalous Institutionalization in Madrid," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(2), pages 646-674, March.
    9. Joost de Moor, 2016. "Practicing Openness: Investigating the Role of Everyday Decision Making in the Production of Squatted Space," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(2), pages 410-424, March.
    10. Amandine Chapuis, 2017. "Touring the immoral. Affective geographies of visitors to the Amsterdam Red-Light district," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 54(3), pages 616-632, February.
    11. Darshan Vigneswaran, 2020. "International Migration and Gentrification: Territorial Exclusion at National and Urban Scales," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 38(3), pages 557-576, May.
    12. Paul Routledge, 2010. "Introduction: Cities, Justice and Conflict," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 47(6), pages 1165-1177, May.
    13. Morgana G Martins Krieger & Marlei Pozzebon & Lauro Gonzalez, 2021. "When social movements collaborate with the state towards the right to the city: Unveiling compromises and conflicts," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 53(5), pages 1115-1139, August.

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