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Abstract
Regionalization is a contradictory process meaning both subnational fragmentation of territorial states and their supranational integration at a larger scale. In this paper federalism, as a division of sovereignty between several orders of government within the same political system, is conceived as an institution designed to regulate regionalization. But federal pacts are subject to two symmetrical risks: either, a risk of a centralizing drift towards a unitary state; or a risk of disintegrating into as many sovereign states as previous federated units. Thus, in the first section of the paper, we define a ‘true’federal system as a political order where an institutional device permanently tackles the problem of self‐conservation of the federal principle. Then, in the second section, we show that self‐conservation of a federal system or its evolution towards centralization or dissolution, are not first order dependent on economic issues, but on specific institutional forms that rule the game of political and social actors. To demonstrate this we take a comparative view of equalization programmes for tax revenues which distinguish Canadian federalism from its US counterpart. For these programmes channel competition between governments on political grounds and participate in the self‐reproduction of the federal covenant. On the contrary, a lack of equalization liberates economic competition between federal states – tax war, social dumping – and leaves the ground free for centralization or dissolution of the federation. — La régionalisation est un processus contradictoire qui signifie à la fois la fragmentation infranationale des Etats territoriaux et leur intégration supranationale à plus grande échelle. Dans cet article, le fédéralisme, en tant que division de l’ordre politique entre plusieurs ordres de gouvernement, est conçu comme une institution établie pour réguler un tel processus. Mais les pactes fédéraux sont soumis à deux risques symétriques: un risque de centralisation conduisant à la formation d’un grand Etat unitaire; un risque d’éclatement en autant d’Etats unitaires qu’il y a d’unités fédérées. Ainsi, dans la première partie de l’article, un “vrai” système fédéral est défini comme un ordre politique dans lequel un dispositif institutionnel assure la permanence du principe fédéral. Puis, dans la deuxième partie, il est montré que cette permanence, ou, à l’inverse, une évolution vers la centralisation ou l’éclatement, dépend moins de problèmes économiques que de l’efficace des formes institutionnelles qui gouvernent le jeu des acteurs politiques et sociaux dans une fédération. Pour le montrer, dans la troisième partie de l’article, est mobilisée une approche comparative des programmes de redistribution interrégionale des recettes publiques au Canada et aux USA. Lorsque ces programmes ont des objectifs de péréquation comme au Canada, ils orientent la concurrence politique entre les ordres de gouvernement sur le terrain politique et participent de la reproduction du pacte fédéral. Au contraire, un manque de péréquation comme aux USA favorise la concurrence économique entre les Etats fédérés – guerre fiscale, dumping social – et laisse ainsi la voie libre pour la centralisation ou, dans d’autres contextes, à la dissolution de la fédération.
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Cited by:
- Daniel Béland & André Lecours, 2010.
"Does Nationalism Trigger Welfare-State Disintegration? Social Policy and Territorial Mobilization in Belgium and Canada,"
Environment and Planning C, , vol. 28(3), pages 420-434, June.
- Kristina Babich & Daniel Béland, 2007.
"Creating the Canada/Quebec Pension Plans: An Historical and Political Analysis,"
Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population Research Papers
223, McMaster University.
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