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Urban Conflict and Social Movements in Poor Countries: Theory and Evidence of Collective Action

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  • John Walton

Abstract

This paper evaluates the perennial question of whether the urban poor in developing countries are autonomous political actors or co‐opted tools of patronage. I develop a theoretical interpretation of urban politics, arguing that collective action is shaped by changing configurations of state, economy and civil society. Collective action is expressed in struggles over labor, public goods and political rights — issues of varying salience in different periods of development. The theoretical framework generates a set of propositions which I evaluate with reference to a wide range of secondary evidence. At bottom, the data indicate that collective action varies in form and intensity (militance) with specifiable conditions. Illustratively, clientism did predominate during the ‘developmental decades’ (1960–80) that followed earlier (1930–60) experiences of militant labor conflict and yielded in the current period of neoliberalism to struggles for political rights. Cet article évalue l’éternelle question de savoir si les pauvres des villes dans les pays en voie de développement sont des participants politiques autonomes ou des instruments de patronage cooptés. Je développe une interprétation théorique des politiques urbaines soutenant que l’action collective est formée par les configurations changeantes de l’état, de l’économie et de la société civile. L’action collective s’exprime dans les luttes pour le travail, les biens publics et les droits politiques — des problèmes dont l’importance varie suivant les périodes de développement. Ce modèle théorique engendre un ensemble de propositions que j’évalue par rapport à une variété de preuves secondaires. En fin de compte, les données indiquent que la forme et l’intensité (activisme) de l’action collective varient selon des conditions qui peuvent être spécifiées. Pour illustrer, le clientisme prédominait durant les ‘décennies de développement’ (1960–1980) qui suivirent les experiences précédentes (1930–1960) de conflits des travailleurs militants et a donné lieu, dans la période actuelle de néo‐libéralisme, aux luttes pour les droits politiques.

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  • John Walton, 1998. "Urban Conflict and Social Movements in Poor Countries: Theory and Evidence of Collective Action," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(3), pages 460-481, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:22:y:1998:i:3:p:460-481
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00152
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    Cited by:

    1. Bradlow, Benjamin H., 2024. "Urban social movements and local state capacity," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    2. V. Watson, 2011. "Communicative Planning: Experiences, Prospects and Predicaments," Chapters, in: H. S. Geyer (ed.), International Handbook of Urban Policy, Volume 3, chapter 6, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    3. Levin-Waldman, Oren M., 2009. "Urban path dependency theory and the living wage: Were cities that passed ordinances destined to do so?," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 672-683, August.

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