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Valuing the Potential Transformation of Banks into Financial Service Conglomerates: Evidence from the Citigroup Merger

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  • Johnston, Jarrod
  • Madura, Jeff

Abstract

The merger between Citicorp and Travelers Group on April 6, 1998 could have emitted two relevant signals for firms that provide financial services. The first signal is the endorsement by two prominent financial institutions that benefits from cross-selling of bank services with insurance services, brokerage services, and other financial services can be realized. The second signal is that regulators will allow the combination of commercial banking with insurance underwriting and full-service brokerage, paving a path for similar combinations in the future. We document a favorable share price response for commercial banks, insurance companies, and brokerage firms, which supports the argument that the merger sets a precedent for other combinations between banks and nonbank financial services that will facilitate cross-selling and efficiencies. Copyright 2000 by MIT Press.

Suggested Citation

  • Johnston, Jarrod & Madura, Jeff, 2000. "Valuing the Potential Transformation of Banks into Financial Service Conglomerates: Evidence from the Citigroup Merger," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 35(2), pages 17-35, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:finrev:v:35:y:2000:i:2:p:17-35
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    Cited by:

    1. Maretno Harjoto & Ha-Chin Yi & Tosporn Chotigeat, 2012. "Why do banks acquire non-banks?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 36(3), pages 587-612, July.
    2. Neale Faith R. & Drake Pamela Peterson & Clark Steven P., 2010. "Diversification in the Financial Services Industry: The Effect of the Financial Modernization Act," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 10(1), pages 1-30, March.
    3. Akhigbe, Aigbe & Martin, Anna D. & Newman, Melinda, 2003. "Exchange rate exposure and valuation effects of cross-border acquisitions," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 255-269, July.
    4. Ghosh, Chinmoy & Petrova, Milena, 2013. "Does deregulation induce competition in the market for corporate control? The special case of banking," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5220-5235.
    5. Carow, Kenneth A. & Heron, Randall A., 2002. "Capital market reactions to the passage of the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 465-485.
    6. Staikouras, Sotiris K., 2009. "An event study analysis of international ventures between banks and insurance firms," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 675-691, October.
    7. Jane‐Sue Wang & Jing‐Twen Chen & Pin‐Huang Chou, 2008. "Market Reactions To The Passage Of The Financial Holding Company Act In Taiwan," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(4), pages 453-472, October.
    8. Whalen, Gary W., 2008. "The impact of preemption of the Georgia Fair Lending Act by the OCC on national and state banks and the dual banking system," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(4), pages 772-791, November.
    9. Syed Ali & Christopher Nsenje, 2017. "The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Hospitality Industry – A Study in Lusaka Province of Zambia," International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, Academic Research Publishing Group, vol. 3(11), pages 282-288, 11-2017.
    10. Teresa Valeria Parise & Vijay Shenai, 2018. "The Value Effect of Financial Reform on U.K. Banks and Insurance Companies," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-28, September.
    11. Demirbag, Mehmet & McGuinness, Martina & Akin, Ahmet & Bayyurt, Nizamettin & Basti, Eyup, 2016. "The professional service firm (PSF) in a globalised economy: A study of the efficiency of securities firms in an emerging market," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 1089-1102.
    12. Kathy Czyrnik & Linda Schmid Klein, 2004. "Who Benefits from Deregulating the Separation of Banking Activities? Differential Effects on Commercial Bank, Investment Bank, and Thrift Stock Returns," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 39(2), pages 317-341, May.
    13. Tsung-Chi Liu & Li-Wei Wu, 2009. "Cross-buying evaluations in the retail banking industry," The Service Industries Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(7), pages 903-922, July.
    14. Cuong, Ly Kim, 2021. "Are financial holding companies' subsidiaries riskier than bank holding companies’ affiliates?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 1025-1033.
    15. Filson, Darren & Olfati, Saman, 2014. "The impacts of Gramm–Leach–Bliley bank diversification on value and risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 209-221.
    16. Carow, Kenneth A. & Kane, Edward J., 2002. "Event-study evidence of the value of relaxing long-standing regulatory restraints on banks, 1970-2000," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 439-463.
    17. Andriosopoulos, Kostas & Chan, Ka Kei & Dontis-Charitos, Panagiotis & Staikouras, Sotiris K., 2017. "Wealth and risk implications of the Dodd-Frank Act on the U.S. financial intermediaries," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 366-379.
    18. Akhigbe, Aigbe & Martin, Anna D. & Whyte, Ann Marie, 2005. "Contagion effects of the world's largest bankruptcy: the case of WorldCom," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 48-64, February.
    19. Zheng, Hao & Mao, Mike Qinghao, 2024. "Fintech mergers and acquisitions," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    20. Gilbert, Erika W. & Scott, William L., 2001. "The Financial Modernization Act: new perspectives for the finance curriculum," Financial Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 10(1-4), pages 197-208.
    21. Mohamed Nurullah & Sotiris K. Staikouras, 2008. "The Separation of Banking from Insurance: Evidence from Europe," Multinational Finance Journal, Multinational Finance Journal, vol. 12(3-4), pages 157-184, September.
    22. Aigbe Akhigbe & Jarrod Johnston & Jeff Madura, 2004. "Consolidation in the financial services industry: Are there industry gains for acquisitions of security firms?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 28(1), pages 14-31, March.

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