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Trade Agreements in the Last 20 Years: Retrospect and Prospect for Agriculture

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  • John Beghin
  • Jill O’Donnell

Abstract

We provide an overview of major developments in multi‐ and plurilateral trade agreements over the last twenty years with a focus on the implications for agricultural and food markets. We take stock of what has been accomplished in market integration, remaining obstacles to trade, events that have changed the trade landscape, and emerging issues. Agricultural tariffs have fallen through commitments made in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture and through the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs). Nevertheless, agricultural trade remains distorted with some extremely high tariffs. RTAs have achieved progress on nontariff measures and other beyond‐the‐border frictions. World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations on agricultural trade distortions have stalled because of their complexity and divergent political interests among WTO members. In addition, the dispute settlement mechanism no longer functions. The WTO will have to adjust to a world of RTAs and use its tools and procedures to support the multilateral trading system by promoting increased transparency of RTAs and their conformity with existing WTO agreements. The WTO can also use existing tools to head off disputes using specific trade concern mechanisms, such as those implemented through the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) committees. Nous donnons une vue d’ensemble des principales évolutions dans les accords commerciaux multilatéraux et plurilatéraux au cours des vingt dernières années, en mettant l'accent sur les implications pour les marchés agricoles et alimentaires. Nous faisons le point sur ce qui a été accompli en matière d'intégration des marchés, les obstacles au commerce restant en place, les événements qui ont modifié le paysage commercial et les problèmes émergents. Les tarifs agricoles ont baissé du fait des engagements pris dans le cadre de l'Accord du Cycle d'Uruguay sur l'agriculture et de la prolifération des accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR). Néanmoins, le commerce agricole reste faussé, certains droits de douane demeurant extrêmement élevés. Les ACR ont permis de réaliser des progrès sur les mesures non tarifaires et d'autres frictions au‐delà des frontières. Les négociations à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) sur les distorsions des échanges agricoles sont au point mort en raison de leur complexité et des intérêts politiques divergents parmi les membres de l'OMC. De plus, le mécanisme de règlement des différends ne fonctionne plus. L'OMC devra s'adapter à un monde d'ACR et utiliser ses outils et procédures pour soutenir le système commercial multilatéral en promouvant une transparence accrue des ACR et leur conformité avec les accords existants de l'OMC. L'OMC peut également utiliser les outils existants pour éviter les différends en utilisant les mécanismes portant sur des questions commerciales spécifiques, tels que ceux mis en œuvre par le biais des comités pour les questions sanitaire et phytosanitaire (SPS) et les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC). Wir geben einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Entwicklungen bei multi‐ und plurilateralen Handelsabkommen in den letzten zwanzig Jahren. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf den Agrar‐ und Lebensmittelmärkten. Wir machen eine Bestandsaufnahme von dem, was bei der Marktintegration erreicht wurde, von den verbleibenden Handelshemmnissen, von Ereignissen, die die Handelslandschaft verändert haben, und von neuen Problemen. Die Agrarzölle sind durch die Beschlüsse der Uruguay‐Runde und durch die zunehmende Anzahl an regionalen Handelsabkommen (RTAs) gesunken. Dennoch bleibt der Agrarhandel mit einigen extrem hohen Zöllen verzerrt. Im Rahmen der regionalen Handelsabkommen wurden Fortschritte bei nichttarifären Maßnahmen und anderen grenzüberschreitenden Spannungen erzielt. Die Verhandlungen der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) über Handelsverzerrungen im Agrarbereich sind aufgrund ihrer Komplexität und der unterschiedlichen politischen Interessen ihrer Mitglieder ins Stocken geraten. Darüber hinaus funktioniert der WTO‐Streitbeilegungsmechanismus nicht mehr. Die WTO muss sich auf eine Welt mit regionalen Handelsabkommen einstellen. Und sie muss ihre Instrumente und Verfahren einsetzen, um das multilaterale Handelssystem zu unterstützen, indem sie eine größere Transparenz der regionalen Handelsabkommen und deren Übereinstimmung mit den bestehenden WTO‐Übereinkommen fördert. Die WTO kann hierbei auch auf bestehende Instrumente zurückgreifen, um Streitigkeiten mit Hilfe spezieller Mechanismen für Handelsfragen abzuwenden. Als Beispiele können die Ausschüsse für gesundheitliche und pflanzenschutzrechtliche Maßnahmen (SPS) und technische Handelshemmnisse (TBT) genannt werden.

Suggested Citation

  • John Beghin & Jill O’Donnell, 2021. "Trade Agreements in the Last 20 Years: Retrospect and Prospect for Agriculture," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 20(3), pages 63-68, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:20:y:2021:i:3:p:63-68
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12335
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jones, Kent, 2015. "Reconstructing the World Trade Organization for the 21st Century: An Institutional Approach," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199366040.
    2. Beghin, John C & O'Donnell, Jill, 2021. "Trade Agreements in the Last 20 Years: Retrospect and Prospect," Staff Papers 314115, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    3. Robert Wolfe, 2020. "Reforming WTO Conflict Management. Why and How to Improve the Use of “Specific Trade Concerns”," RSCAS Working Papers 2020/53, European University Institute.
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