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Policy to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Is Agricultural Methane a Special Case?

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  • John Lynch
  • Tara Garnett

Abstract

Climate change mitigation will require significant efforts from all emitting sectors, including agriculture. However, agricultural emission reduction measures raise specific concerns, both in respect of their distinct climate outcomes and how their implementation might support or frustrate wider objectives. We highlight some special characteristics regarding agricultural methane emissions. As methane is a relatively short‐lived gas, we do not have the same strong physical requirement to completely eliminate net methane emissions as we do for carbon dioxide. An appreciation of the distinct nature and impacts of carbon dioxide and methane can bring nuance to discussions; especially around what different sectors must be expected to achieve, and thus help avoid negative trade‐offs that might result from heavy‐handed policy interventions. Nevertheless, significant and rapid methane emission reductions do remain important in realistically achieving our overall climate objectives. A number of technical measures to reduce ruminant methane are highlighted, but are not without their own challenges; and we are unlikely to meet climate or other environmental targets without systemic changes to the total food system, including overall consumption patterns. The appropriate policy tools to achieve these changes are emerging as a key, but contested, concern in Europe and beyond, making it vital we work through these arguments in a transparent manner. Pour atténuer le changement climatique, tous les secteurs émetteurs, y compris l'agriculture, devrons fournir des efforts importants. Cependant, les mesures de réduction des émissions agricoles soulèvent des préoccupations particulières, à la fois en ce qui concerne leurs propres résultats climatiques et la manière dont leur mise en œuvre pourrait soutenir ou contrecarrer des objectifs plus larges. Nous soulignons certaines caractéristiques particulières concernant les émissions de méthane agricole. Comme le méthane est un gaz à durée de vie relativement courte, nous n'avons pas la même forte exigence physique d'éliminer complètement les émissions nettes de méthane que dans le cas du dioxyde de carbone. Une appréciation de la nature et des impacts distincts du dioxyde de carbone et du méthane peut apporter des nuances aux discussions ; en particulier autour de ce que les différents secteurs doivent atteindre, et ainsi aider à éviter les compromis négatifs qui pourraient résulter d'interventions politiques musclées. Néanmoins, des réductions fortes et rapides des émissions de méthane restent importantes pour atteindre de manière réaliste nos objectifs climatiques globaux. Un certain nombre de mesures techniques pour réduire le méthane des ruminants sont mises en évidence, mais ne sont pas sans défis ; et il est peu probable que nous atteignions les objectifs climatiques ou environnementaux sans changements systémiques dans l'ensemble du système alimentaire, y compris les modes de consommation dans leur ensemble. Les outils de politique appropriés pour réaliser ces changements apparaissent comme une préoccupation clé, mais contestée, en Europe et ailleurs. Il est donc vital que nous considérions ces arguments de manière transparente. Die Eindämmung des Klimawandels erfordert erhebliche Anstrengungen von allen emittierenden Sektoren, einschließlich der Landwirtschaft. Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Emissionen aus der Landwirtschaft werfen jedoch besondere Fragen auf: zum einen nach den unterschiedlichen Klimaauswirkungen dieser Maßnahmen und zum anderen, ob durch deren Umsetzung weitergehende Ziele unterstützt oder verhindert werden. Wir stellen einige spezielle Merkmale der landwirtschaftlichen Methanemissionen in den Mittelpunkt. Da es sich bei Methan um ein relativ kurzlebiges Gas handelt, besteht hier nicht dieselbe strikte physikalische Anforderung, die Netto‐Methanemissionen vollständig abzusenken, wie dies für Kohlendioxid der Fall ist. Die Kenntnis der unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften und Auswirkungen von Kohlendioxid und Methan kann dazu beitragen, die Debatten – insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Ziele, die einzelne Sektoren erreichen müssen – zu differenzieren. So können nachteilige Kompromisse vermieden werden, die sich aus allzu drastischen politischen Eingriffen ergeben könnten. Dennoch ist eine deutliche und schnelle Verringerung der Methanemissionen zur Erreichung der übergeordneten Klimaziele wichtig. Wir zeigen eine Reihe an technischen Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Methan bei Wiederkäuern auf, die aber ihre eigenen Herausforderungen mit sich bringen. Insgesamt scheint es unwahrscheinlich, dass wir die Klimaziele oder andere Umweltziele erreichen werden, ohne das gesamte Ernährungssystem, einschließlich der allgemeinen Ernährungsgewohnheiten, grundlegend zu verändern.. Die geeigneten politischen Instrumente für die Umsetzung dieser Veränderungen sind ein zentrales, aber umstrittenes Anliegen in Europa und in anderen Ländern. Aus diesem Grund ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung, dass wir die verschiedenen Positionen transparent machen und auf nachvollziehbare Art und Weise diskutieren.

Suggested Citation

  • John Lynch & Tara Garnett, 2021. "Policy to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Is Agricultural Methane a Special Case?," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 20(2), pages 11-17, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:20:y:2021:i:2:p:11-17
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12317
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    1. Jessica Strefler & Gunnar Luderer & Tino Aboumahboub & Elmar Kriegler, 2014. "Economic impacts of alternative greenhouse gas emission metrics: a model-based assessment," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 125(3), pages 319-331, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Guofeng Wang & Pu Liu & Jinmiao Hu & Fan Zhang, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Patterns and Influencing Factors of Agriculture Methane Emissions in China," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-17, September.
    2. Adam Wąs & Vitaliy Krupin & Paweł Kobus & Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks & Robert Jeszke & Krystian Szczepański, 2021. "Towards Climate Neutrality in Poland by 2050: Assessment of Policy Implications in the Farm Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-25, November.

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